Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture. Группа авторов

Models 5 Modifiers and Non‐Bridging Oxygens 6 Intermediate‐Range Order 7 Chalcogenide Glasses 8 Perspectives Acknowledgements References 2.2 Structural Probes of Glass 1 Introduction 2 Diffraction (Scattering) 3 X‐ray Absorption Techniques 4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 5 Vibrational Spectroscopies 6 Other Techniques 7 Perspectives Acknowledgements References 2.3 Microstructure Analysis of Glasses and Glass Ceramics 1 Introduction 2 Acronyms 2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 3 Transmission Electron Microscopy 4 Scanning Probe Microscopy 5 X‐Ray Microscopy 6 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 2.4 Short‐range Structure and Order in Oxide Glasses 1 Introduction 2 One‐component Oxide Glass Formers 3 Modifying the Network: Silicates and Phosphates 4 Modifying the Network: Borates and Germanates 5 Network Cations in Aluminosilicates 6 Short‐range Order and Modifier Cations 7 Interactions of Network Modifiers and Network Order/Disorder 8 Perspectives References 2.5 The Extended Structure of Glass 1 Introduction 2 Extended Structure of Glass: The Need for a Multiplicity of Techniques 3 Structural Order over Different Length Scales 4 Structural Aspects of Density Fluctuations 5 Models of Glass Structure 6 Structural Heterogeneity in Glasses 7 Perspectives Acknowledgments References 2.6 Structure of Chemically Complex Silicate Systems 1 Introduction 2 Glass and Melt Polymerization 3 Metal Oxide–SiO₂ Systems 4 Aluminum and Aluminate 5 Ferric and Ferrous Iron 6 Minor Components in Silicate Glasses and Melts 7 Perspectives References 2.7 Topological Constraint Theory of Inorganic Glasses 1 Introduction 2 Concepts of the Topological Constraint Theory 3 Polyhedral Constraint Theory 4 The Bond Constraint Theory 5 Temperature‐Dependent Constraints 6 Topological Constraint Theory, Thermodynamics, and the Potential Energy Landscape Formalism 7 Perspectives Acknowledgements References 2.8 Atomistic Simulations of Glass Structure and Properties 1 Introduction 2 Basics of Numerical Simulations 3 Monte‐Carlo Simulations 4 Molecular Dynamics Simulations 5 Modeling: Simulation Techniques and Examples 6 Perspectives References 2.9 First‐principles Simulations of Glass‐formers 1 Introduction 2 Ab Initio Simulations 3 Structural Properties 4