The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Carol A. Chapelle

Classroom Research What Is Classroom Research? What Are the Origins of L2 Classroom Research? Are There Different Approaches to Classroom Research? What Questions and Topics Are Examined in CR? Future Directions in CR References Suggested Readings Cognitive Approaches to Translation Methodological Approaches Translation as Information Processing and Symbol Manipulation Translation as an Experiential, Cultural Act Translation as Situated, Sociocognitive Interaction References Collaborative Language Learning References Suggested Readings Computer‐Assisted Language Learning Effectiveness Research Introduction Research Findings on CALL Effectiveness Approaches to Evaluating CALL Effectiveness CALL Evaluation Argument Conclusion References Suggested Readings Note Computer‐Assisted Pronunciation Teaching Technology for Teaching Segmentals (Vowels and Consonants) Technology for Teaching Suprasegmentals (Prosody, Intonation, Rhythm) Outlook for the Future References Suggested Readings Computer‐Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS) References Suggested Reading Online Resources Computer‐Mediated Communication and Second Language Development References Suggested Readings Note Construction Grammar Introduction Construction Grammar: The Central Ideas Applications Conclusion References Suggested Readings Online Resource Content‐Based Second/Foreign‐Language Instruction Introduction Three Main CBLI Models Implementation Issues Research Agenda Conclusion References Suggested Readings Conversation Analysis and Affiliation and Alignment Introduction Distinguishing Affiliation and Alignment Creating an Environment for Alignment and Affiliation Disaligning and Disaffiliating Affiliating Without Aligning Aligning Without Affiliating Discussion References Suggested Readings Conversation Analysis and Child Language Acquisition Competencies and Understandings Childhood: Interactions in Pre‐ and Early‐Years Primary School Settings References Suggested Reading Conversation Analysis and Classroom Interaction References Suggested Readings Note Conversation Analysis of Computer‐Mediated Interactions Future Trends References Suggested