The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Carol A. Chapelle

References Suggested Readings Functional Approaches to Translation Historical Background Basic Concepts and Ideas of Skopos Theory Applications to Translator Training Conclusions References Suggested Readings

      14  G Genre‐Based Language Teaching References Suggested Readings Genre and Discourse Analysis in Language for Specific Purposes Discourse and Genre Analysis Genre Structures and Features Genre and Community Genre Constellations Genre Pedagogies Critiques Conclusions References Suggested Readings Grammar in Academic Writing Noun Phrase Characteristics Thematization Personal Pronouns Tense Cohesion Hedging Intertextuality, Citation, and Knowledge Claims References Suggested Readings Grammar and Electronic Communication Introduction E‐Grammar in English Emoji Grammar E‐Grammar and Language Change E‐Grammar and Literacy References Suggested Readings Note

      15  H Heritage Languages and Language Policy Defining Heritage Languages Defining HL Learners US Language Policy for Heritage Languages Looking Ahead References Suggested Readings Historical Pragmatics Introduction Approaches and Data Application Conclusion References Suggested Readings History of Language‐Teaching Methods Early History Grammar Translation Method Direct Method Audio‐Lingual Method Cognitive Approaches to Language Teaching Communicative Language Teaching Conclusion References Suggested Readings History of Translation The Object of Inquiry Research Questions and Source Collection, Evaluation, and Interpretation Writing Translation History Sample Approaches to Translation History Toward Integrative Translation History References Suggested Readings

      16  I Identities and Language Teaching in Classrooms Theories of the Social Theories of the Sociomaterial Explorations in Sociomaterialism Conclusion