The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Carol A. Chapelle

Patterson, University of Roehampton, UK

      Saija Peuronen, University of Jyväskylä, Finland

      Robert Phillipson, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark

      Lia Plakans, University of Iowa, USA

      Christos Pliatsikas, University of Reading, UK

      James E. Purpura, Teachers College, Columbia University, USA

      Mart Rannut, Integration Research Institute, Estonia

      Paul Rayson, Lancaster University, UK

      John Read, University of Auckland, New Zealand

      Shannon Reierson, University of New Mexico, USA

      Karen Risager, Roskilde University, Denmark

      Hanna Risku, Danube University Krems, Austria

      Peter Robinson, Aoyama Gakuin University, Japan

      Carsten Roever, University of Melbourne, Australia

      Jesús Romero‐Trillo, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain

      Kathryn Roulston, University of Georgia, USA

      June Ruivivar, Concordia University, Canada

      Cristina Sanz, Georgetown University, USA

      Peter Sayer, Ohio State University, USA

      Jonathan Schmidgall, Educational Testing Service, USA

      Norbert Schmitt, University of Nottingham, UK

      Paul Seedhouse, Newcastle University, UK

      Margret Selting, University of Potsdam, Germany

      Jérémie Séror, University of Ottawa, Canada

      Philip M. Shaw, Stockholm University, Sweden

      Aki Siegel, Linnaeus University, Sweden

      Tove Skutnabb‐Kangas, University of Roskilde, Denmark (retired), and Åbo Akademi University, Finland

      Graham Smart, Carleton University, Canada

      Marguerite Ann Snow, California State University, Los Angeles, USA

      Suhad Sonbul, Umm Al‐Qura University, Saudi Arabia

      Nina Spada, University of Toronto, Canada

      Helen Spencer‐Oatey, University of Warwick, UK

      Stefanie Stadler, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

      Jakob Steensig, Aarhus University, Denmark

      Fredricka L. Stoller, Northern Arizona University, USA

      Neomy Storch, University of Melbourne, Australia

      Ruslan Suvorov, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, USA

      Merrill Swain, OISE University of Toronto, Canada

      Christine M. Tardy, University of Arizona, USA

      Elaine Tarone, University of Minnesota, USA

      Brian Tomlinson, University of Liverpool, UK, Shanghai International Studies University, China, and Anaheim University, USA

      Vincenza Tudini, University of South Australia, Australia

      Carolyn E. Turner, McGill University, Canada

      Maria Tymoczko, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA

      Rachelle Udell, Georgia State University, USA

      Ema Ushioda, University of Warwick, UK

      Georges Daniel Véronique, Université de Provence, France

      Laura Vilkaitė‐Lozdienė, Vilnius University, Lithuania

      Sonca Vo, Iowa State University, USA

Johannes Wagner, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark

      Judy Wakabayashi, Kent State University, USA

      Xiaomei Wang, Xiamen University Malaysia, Malaysia

      Paige Ware, Southern Methodist University, USA

      Mark Warschauer, University of California, Irvine, USA

      Yuko Watanabe, OISE University of Toronto, Canada

      Stuart Webb, Western University, Canada

      Martin Wedell, University of Leeds, UK

      Jennifer M. Wei, Soochow University, Taiwan, Province of China

      Li Wei, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK

      Albert Weideman, University of the Free State, South Africa

      Terrence G. Wiley, Arizona State University, USA

      Paula Winke, Michigan State University, USA

      Alison Wray, Cardiff University, UK

      Xiaoming Xi, Educational Testing Service, USA

      Tomoko Yashima, Kansai University, Japan

      Lisa Zawilinski, University of Hartford, USA

      Nicole Ziegler, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, USA

      Eve Zyzik, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA

Introduction to The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics

      CAROL A. CHAPELLE

The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics introduces readers to language‐related issues that arise in the real world where languages are learned and used. It is a reference work compiled from the more extensive Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, which in 2019 was available in close to 1,000 libraries and professional organizations throughout over 50 countries worldwide.¹ Usage data from the electronic versions of The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics were consulted to create The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics by updating 180 of the most accessed entries from the Encyclopedia. The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics was created to offer readers a vivid picture of the range of issues and research approaches in the diverse field of applied linguistics.

Defining Applied Linguistics

      Applied linguistics is a field of inquiry that addresses language‐related problems typically occurring in situations of language contact and technological innovation. In these settings, language problems include, for example, explaining misunderstandings in face‐to‐face oral conversation, making decisions about official languages for the government at a national or regional level, diagnosing language competencies of language learners, and building automated speech recognition systems for businesses. Language contact refers to situations in which people speaking different languages need to communicate to accomplish business, political, or personal goals. Language contact occurs where speakers of minority languages assert their collective rights to their language and culture while using the majority language to achieve some of their goals. Language contact is also a consequence of international mobility, migration, communication, business, and politics, all resulting in unprecedented language contact in face‐to‐face and online communication. Technology plays an important role in all varieties of language‐related problems and also serves applied linguists in their analysis of language itself.

Multifaceted language‐related issues are seldom the concern of applied linguistics exclusively (Davies,