Journal of Biblical and Pneumatological Research. Paul Elbert

h!kousasees the open door;hears voice, “Come up”4:2–81see*/hear*(sees) the throne room;(hears) worship songs4:9–111see*/hear*(sees) the worshippers;(hears) worship songs5:1–21gsee/see/hear*ei}donei}donsees the scroll;sees the strong angel;(hears) the cry of the angel5:5–62hear*/seeei}don(hears) the lion introduced;sees the sacrificed Lamb5:7–101See*/hear*(sees) the throne room & worshippers;(hears) worship songs5:11–131dsee/hear/hearei}donh!kousasees the worshippers;hears the worshippers [twice]6:1–21asee/hear/seeei}donh!kousaei}donsees the Lamb open the 1st seal;hears the creature say, “Come”sees the content [of the seal]6:3–41asee*/hear/see*h!kousa(sees) the Lamb open the 2nd seal;hears the creature say, “Come”(sees) the content [of the seal]6:5–61bsee*/hear/see/hearh!kousaei}donh!kousa(sees) the Lamb open the 3rd seal;hears the creature say, “Come”;sees the content [of the seal];hears explanation6:7–81asee*/hear/seeh!kousaei}don(sees) the Lamb open the 4th seal;hears the creature say, “come”sees the content (of the seal)6:9–101asee/hear*/see*ei}donsees the Lamb open the 5th seal;(hears) the souls under the altar(sees) the white robes [of the souls]6:12–151see/hear*ei}donsees the Lamb open the 6th seal;(hears) the cry of the wicked7:1–81isee/see/hear*/hearei}donei}donh!kousasees four angels holding the winds;sees the angel with the seal;(hears) the command to the 4 angels;hears the number of the tribes7:9–171bsee/hear*/see*/hear*ei}donsees the Great Multitude;(hears) their song;(sees) the worshippers;(hears) who they are8:11see*/hear*(sees) the opening of the 7th seal;(hears) the silence8:6–71asee*/hear*/see*(sees) the 7 trumpets;(hears) the 1st trumpet(sees) the result8:8–91asee*/hear*/see*(sees/hears) the 2nd trumpet angel;(sees) the result8:10–111asee*/hear*/see*(sees/hears) the 3rd trumpet angel;(sees) the result8:121asee*/hear*/see*(sees/hears) the 4th trumpet angel;(sees) the result8:131see/hearei}donh!kousasees the eagle;hears the eagle, “Woe, woe, woe”9:1–122bhear*/see/hear*/commentei}don(hears) the 5th trumpet;sees the result;(hears) the command;[comment: v. 12]9:13–212chear*/hear/see*/hear/see/commenth!kousah!kousaei}don(hears) the 6th trumpet;hears the voice from the altar;(sees) the result;hears the number of troops;sees the troops;[comment: vv. 20–21]10:1–41see/hearei}donh!kousasees the mighty angel;hears the 7 thunders and voice10:5–111see/hearei}donh!kousasees the mighty angel;hears the angel’s message;11:15–192hear*/seew1fqh(hears) the 7th trumpet and worshippers;sees the Ark of the Covenant12:1–121hSee/see/hear/see*w1fqhw1fqhh!kousasees the sun clothed woman;sees the red dragon;hears loud voices;(sees) the conflict13:1–101jsee/see/commentei}donei}donsees the beast from the sea;sees the beasts’ description;[comment vv. 9–10]14:1–51esee/hear/commentei}donh!kousasees the Lamb with the 144,000;hears the heavenly singers & harpists;[comment: vv. 3b–5]14:6–71see/hear*ei}donsees the angel in midair;(hears) the angel’s message14:81see*/hear*(sees) a 2nd angel;(hears) the angel’s message14:9–131esee*/hear*/comment*(sees) a 3rd angel;(hears) the angel’s message;[comment: v. 12]14:14–161see/hear*ei}donsees a figure on the cloud;(hears) the call to reap14:17–191fsee*/hear*/comment(sees) the angel with the sickle and the angel from the altar;(hears) the call to reap;[comment: v. 20]15:1–41gsee/see/hear*ei}donei}donsees 7 angels with bowls;sees the group before the throne;(hears) the group’s song16:1–72ahear/see*/hearh!kousah!kousahears the voice from the temple;(sees) the 1st three angels;hears 2 affirmations16:12–161jsee*/see/commentei}don(sees) the 6th angel pouring;sees the 3 evil spirits;[comment: vv. 14–16]16:17–211c*see/hear*/see*/comment(sees) the 7th angel pouring;(hears) a voice from the throne;(sees) the results of the pouring;[comment: v. 21b]17:1–141fsee*/hear*/see/hear*/commentei}don(sees) one of the 7 angels;(hears) the angel’s message;sees the woman on the scarlet beast;(hears) the angel’s explanation;[comment: vv. 9–14]18:1–241dsee/hear*/hearei}donh!kousasees angel from heaven;(hears) the angel’s message;hears another voice from heaven19:1–21:82hear/seeh!kousaei}donhears the worshippers;sees a visions of God’s judgments21:9–22:52hear/seeh!kousaei}donhears one of the 7 angels;sees multiple visions of God’s reign

1. See the Apocalypse of Baruch, Enoch, IV Ezra, and parts of Ezekiel and Daniel.

2. Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation (NICNT; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1977); J. Massynberde Ford, Revelation (AB 38; Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1975); Elizabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, Revelation: Vision of a Just World (Proclamation Commentaries; Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 1991).

3. David E. Aune, Revelation 6–16 (WBC 52B; Nashville, TN: Nelson, 1998), 373.

4. George B. Caird, The Revelation of St. John (San Francisco, CA: Harper, 1966), 96.

5. See also J. P. M. Sweet, Revelation (PNTC; London: SCM, 1979), 150–51.

6. Richard Bauckham, The Climax of Prophecy: Studies on the Book of Revelation (Edinburgh: Clark, 1993), 216.

7. Steve Moyise, The Old Testament in the Book of Revelation (JSNTSup 115; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995), 132.

8. For some analysis of this issue see David L. Barr, “The Apocalypse as a Symbolic Transformation of the World: A Literary Analysis,” Int 38 (1984): 39–50.

9. Gregory K. Beale, The Book of Revelation (NIGTC; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1999), 425. For an extensive analysis of the ‘hearing’ formula in Revelation, see also Anne-Marit Enroth, “The Hearing Formula in the Book of Revelation,” NTS 36 (1990): 598–608. Her analysis, however, does not relate hearing to “seeing.”

10. Rebecca Skaggs and Thomas Doyle, “Lion/Lamb in Revelation,” Currents in Biblical Research 7/3 (2009): 362–75.

11. Edith M. Humphrey, And