Basic Virology. Martinez J. Hewlett

2Figure 2.1 Dimensions and features of “typical” (a) animal, (b) plant, and (...Figure 2.2 The virus replication cycle. Most generally, virus replication ca...Figure 2.3 The pathogenesis of virus infection. Typically, infection is foll...Figure 2.4 Sites of virus entry in a human. These or similar sites apply to ...

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Some transmission routes of specific viruses from their source (r...Figure 3.2 Occurrence of respiratory illness in an arctic community (Spitzbe...Figure 3.3 Fictionalized timeline of the spread of SARS virus following its ...Figure 3.4 The course of experimental poxvirus infection in laboratory mice....Figure 3.5 Visualization of rabies virus–infected neurons in experimentally ...Figure 3.6 Analysis of the establishment and maintenance of latent HSV infec...

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Virus maintenance in small and large populations. (a) In a small ...Figure 4.2 Examples of virus infection of specific organs or organ systems. ...

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 A scale of dimensions for biologists. The wavelength of a photon ...Figure 5.2 The structure and relative sizes of a number of (a) DNA and (b) R...Figure 5.3 Crystallographic structure of a simple icosahedral virus. (a) The...Figure 5.4 The structure of a simple icosahedral virus. (a) A space‐filling ...Figure 5.5 The virosphere. Classification of a major portion of the currentl...

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 The surface of a “typical” animal cell. The lipid bilayer plasma ...Figure 6.2 Schematic of receptor‐mediated endocytosis utilized by rhinovirus...Figure 6.3 (a) The two basic modes of entry of an enveloped animal virus int...Figure 6.4 Entry of T4 bacteriophage DNA into an E. coli cell. Initial attac...Figure 6.5 Expression of a varicella zoster virus protein following transfec...Figure 6.6 Assembly of the helical tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Steps in the ...Figure 6.7 Assembly of the phage P22 capsid and maturation by insertion of v...Figure 6.8 Insertion of glycoproteins into the cell's membrane structures an...Figure 6.9 Visualization of the budding of an enveloped virion from the plas...Figure 6.10 The envelopment and egress of herpesvirus. Electron micrographs ...

      7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Schematic representation showing differences in the intensity and...Figure 7.2 The cascade of events leading to expression of interferon (IFN) a...Figure 7.3 The human lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is the principal...Figure 7.4 T and B cells in immunity. T lymphocytes play the central coordin...Figure 7.5 The antigenic structure of a protein. Specific groups of amino ac...Figure 7.6 The processing of a foreign antigen and stimulation of the immune...Figure 7.7 The clonal selection of B lymphocytes. Only the B lymphocytes rea...Figure 7.8 Immune memory. The first exposure to an antigen results in the pr...Figure 7.9 The maturational cascade of serum complement proteins upon bindin...Figure 7.10 An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): the method of usin...Figure 7.11 Antibody neutralization of virus infectivity. Specific types of ...Figure 7.12 The hemagglutination inhibition assay for measuring antibody aga...

      8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 The structure of some currently effective antiviral drugs.

      9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 A schematic comparison of light and electron microscopes. The pri...Figure 9.2 Shadowing specimens for viewing in the electron microscope. (a) A...Figure 9.3 Computer‐enhanced three‐dimensional reconstruction of viral capsi...Figure 9.4 Atomic force microscopy was used to visualize the protein capsid ...

      10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Generating a primary cell culture. Tissue is surgically removed ...Figure 10.2 The progression of cells in culture from primary to transformed ...Figure 10.3 Apoptosis versus necrosis in cell death.Figure 10.4 HSV‐induced changes in the properties of actin microfilaments of...Figure 10.5 Visualization of virus plaques. Under appropriate conditions, vi...Figure 10.6 Rabbitpox virus pocks on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of a...Figure 10.7 Some representative morphologies of rat fibroblast cells (F‐111)...Figure 10.8 Serial 10‐fold dilutions of HSV to determine the titer of virus ...Figure 10.9 Quantal (endpoint dilution) assay of HSV in tissue culture wells...Figure 10.10 Graphic analysis of the data from Figure 10.8. The percentage o...

      11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Equilibrium density gradient centrifugation of virus‐infected ce...Figure 11.2 Differential centrifugation to purify virions. Infected cells ar...Figure 11.3 Denaturing gel electrophoresis of proteins. If proteins are gent...Figure 11.4 Electrophoretic fractionation of the capsid proteins isolated fr...Figure 11.5 Electrophoretic fractionation of the capsid proteins isolated fr...Figure 11.6 The famous Kleinschmidt electron micrograph of phage T4 DNA extr...Figure 11.7 Enzymatic sequencing of DNA. The generation of overlapping oligo...Figure 11.8 High‐throughput sequencing (HTS) of DNA. Several different...Figure 11.9 Amplification of DNA with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (...Figure 11.10 Real‐time PCR amplification of globin DNA in blood macrophages....

      12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Changes in the proteins synthesized in virus‐infected cells with...Figure 12.2 The structure of an antibody molecule, IgG. This molecule is mad...Figure 12.3 Generation of monoclonal antibodies by making hybridoma cells by...Figure 12.4 Outline of immunofluorescence as a means of detecting and locali...Figure 12.5 Confocal microscopy to detect co‐localization of antigens. (a) T...Figure 12.6 Human thymocytes in organ culture were mock infected or infected...Figure 12.7 Detection and isolation of proteins reactive with a specific ant...Figure 12.8 Use of immunoaffinity chromatography to isolate HSV envelope pro...Figure 12.9 Saliva from recently HIV‐infected people, individuals with long‐...Figure 12.10 Different viral mRNA molecules are encoded by different regions...Figure 12.11 In situ hybridization of human neurons latently infected with H...Figure 12.12 In situ hybridization of sections of suckling mice infected wit...Figure 12.13 Characterization of isolated viral mRNA by in vitro translationFigure 12.14 The application of microarrays or the study of viral products p...

      13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 The enzymes and other proteins associated with DNA around a grow...Figure 13.2 Initiation of HSV DNA replication. This process is virtually ide...Figure 13.3 The E. coli lac operon. The promoter is always “on,” but normall...Figure 13.4 The bacterial RNA polymerase molecule. The enzyme is made up of ...Figure 13.5 The multistep process of transcription initiation at a eukaryoti...Figure 13.6 The flexibility of DNA allows transcription factors to bind at s...Figure 13.7 Control of eukaryotic transcription. (a) The availability of the...Figure 13.8 Steps involved in transcription and posttranscriptional modifica...Figure 13.9 A “high‐resolution” example of mRNA processing. The sequence of ...Figure 13.10 Some splicing patterns seen in the generation of eukaryotic vir...Figure 13.11 Posttranscriptional regulation of eukaryotic mRNA. Once transcr...Figure 13.12 Initiation of eukaryotic translation. Note the initiation compl...Figure 13.13 Initiation of translation of a prokaryotic mRNA. This can occur...

      14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Some general features of viruses containing RNA genomes that use...Figure 14.2 (a) Poliovirus, a typical picornavirus. The 30‐nm‐diameter icosa...Figure 14.3 The poliovirus replication cycle. The schematic representation i...Figure 14.4 The steps in the assembly of the poliovirus virion. Precursor pr...Figure 14.5 The yellow fever virus (a flavivirus) and its genome. This flavi...Figure