Depression. Aaron T. Beck, M.D.

The Affective Response

       Cognitive Primacy

       Changes in Motivation

       Physical Symptoms

       Cognition in Mania and Other Disorders

       A Cognitive Classification of Psychiatric Disorders

       NEUROSES

       Depressive

       Hypomanic

       Anxious

       Phobic

       Somatization

       Paranoid

       Obsessive and Compulsive

       PSYCHOSES

       Conclusions

       13. Development of Depression

       Predisposition to Depression

       FORMATION OF PERMANENT CONCEPTS

       VALUE JUDGMENTS AND AFFECT

       SPECIFIC VULNERABILITY

       Precipitation of Depression

       SPECIFIC STRESS

       GENETIC MODERATION OF THE STRESS-DEPRESSION LINK

       NONSPECIFIC STRESS

       OTHER CONTRIBUTING FACTORS

       Developmental Studies on Effects of Chronic Stress

       GENETIC RISK, PREVIOUS EPISODES, AND CHRONIC STRESS

       Personality Organization in Depression

       LITERATURE ON COGNITIVE ORGANIZATIONS

       DEFINITION OF SCHEMAS

       IDENTIFICATION OF SCHEMAS

       SCHEMAS IN DEPRESSION

       Modes and Psychopathology

       DISTORTION AND MISINTERPRETATION

       PERSEVERATION (RUMINATION)

       LOSS OF OBJECTIVITY

       Affects and Cognition

       A Feedback Model

       Part IV: Treatment of Depression

       14. Somatic Therapies

       Pharmacotherapy

       THE TRICYCLIC DRUGS

       Early Studies

       MAO INHIBITORS

       SELECTIVE SEROTONIN-REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SSRIS)

       ANTIDEPRESSANT PRESCRIBING PATTERNS

       SIDE EFFECTS

       STIMULANTS

       LITHIUM

       CURRENT USE OF TRICYCLICS AND MAOIS

       TREATMENT RESISTANCE

       Augmenting Versus Switching Antidepressants

       Placebo-Controlled Studies of Drug Combinations

       Medication, Psychotherapy, and Prescriptive Indices

       Clinical Considerations

       TREATMENT AFTER AGE 60

       RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND CONTROVERSIES

       Rater Bias

       Placebo Response

       Nonrandom Distribution of Variables

       Variability of Measures

       Other Problems

       ISSUES OF RISK VERSUS BENEFIT

       CONTROVERSY ABOUT PLACEBO EFFECT

       ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS

       SSRIs

       Tricyclic Drugs

       MAO Inhibitors

       Electroconvulsive Therapy

       Physiological Effects

       Biochemical Effects

       Psychological Effects

       Complications

       Mechanism of Action

       Efficacy

       Future Directions

       Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

       Pharmacogenomics

       15. Psychotherapy

       Early Approaches

       Supportive Psychotherapy

       REASSURANCE

       VENTILATION AND CATHARSIS

       GUIDANCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

       Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy

       Depression-Focused Psychotherapies

       Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

       IPT FOR CHRONIC DEPRESSION

       IPT FOR ELDERLY POPULATIONS

       Cognitive Therapy

       FORMULATION AND CONCEPTUALIZATION

       STRUCTURE AND STRATEGY

       Basic Elements

       Structure of Sessions

       Behavioral Aspects

       INTERPERSONAL ASPECTS OF CHANGE

       Maintaining a Therapeutic Relationship

       A Collaborative Context

       Teaching Independent Problem-solving