Depression. Aaron T. Beck, M.D.

Depressions Secondary to Somatic Disorders

       5. Psychotic Versus Nonpsychotic Depression

       “Psychoneurotic” Depressive Reaction

       DEFINITION

       EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT

       Severe Depression with Psychotic Features (Psychotic Depressive Reaction)

       CASE 1

       CASE 2

       CASE 3

       Contemporary Diagnosis

       6. Bipolar Disorders

       History and Definition

       Current Criteria for Bipolar Disorder

       Relationship of Manic to Depressive Episodes

       Symptomatology of Manic Phase

       EMOTIONAL MANIFESTATIONS

       Elation

       Increased Gratification

       Self-Love

       Increased Attachment to People and Activities

       Increased Mirth Response

       COGNITIVE MANIFESTATIONS

       Positive Self-Image

       Positive Expectations

       Assignment of Blame

       Denial

       Arbitrariness

       Delusions

       MOTIVATIONAL MANIFESTATIONS

       Impulse-Driven

       Action-Oriented

       Drive for Independence

       Drive for Self-Enhancement

       PHYSICAL AND VEGETATIVE MANIFESTATIONS

       Hyperactivity

       High Tolerance for Fatigue

       Appetite

       Increased Libido

       Insomnia

       Behavioral Observations of Manic Phase

       Periodicity of Manic-Depressive Behavior

       Premorbid Personality of Manic-Depressive Patients

       Issues for Further Study

       CLASSIFICATION PROBLEMS

       GOAL ACHIEVEMENT AND MANIC SYMPTOMS

       7. Involutional Depression

       History of the Concept

       Etiology

       Age

       Symptomatology

       Premorbid Personality

       Conclusion

       8. Schizoaffective Disorder

       Definition

       Evolution of the Concept

       CATATONIA AND MANIC-DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS

       BENIGN STUPOR

       Inactivity

       Negativism

       Affect

       Catalepsy

       Intellectual Processes

       Ideational Content

       Follow-up Studies

       ACUTE SCHIZOAFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS

       ACUTE REMITTING SCHIZOPHRENIA

       STUDIES OF REVISED DIAGNOSES

       Differentiation of Depression and Schizophrenia

       Prognosis

       AFFECTIVE FACTORS AND PROGNOSIS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

       Manifest Affect

       Content of Delusions

       Hallucinations

       Manic-Depressive Heredity and Outcome in Schizophrenia

       Presence of Depression

       Patterns of Aggression in Overt Behavior

       Present Classification of Schizoaffective Disorder

       Unresolved Issues for Continuing Research

       Course of Illness

       Symptom and Cognitive Profiles

       Family and Genetic Studies

       Bertelsen and Gottesman’s Review

       Conclusion

       Part II. Experimental Aspects of Depression

       9. Biological Studies of Depression

       Early studies

       Manic-Depressive Disorder and Constitution

       Heredity in Manic-Depressive Disorder

       IDENTICAL TWIN STUDIES