Depression. Aaron T. Beck, M.D.

TWINS REARED SEPARATELY

       PEDIGREE STUDIES

       SUMMARY

       Bipolar Disorder

       Unipolar Depression

       Biochemical Studies of Depression

       EARLY STUDIES

       Blood Glucose

       Glucose Tolerance

       Acidity and Alkaline Reserve

       Serum Calcium and Phosphorus

       Nitrogenous Substances

       Lipoidal Substances

       Chlorides

       Critique of Studies

       MORE RECENT STUDIES

       Differences Between Manic and Depressive Phases

       Studies of Continued Cycles

       Studies During Depressive Episodes

       An Experimental Test of Biological Markers

       Responses of Normal Subjects to Stress

       Endocrine Studies

       STEROID METABOLISM

       THYROID FUNCTION

       Autonomic Function

       BLOOD PRESSURE RESPONSES TO MECHOLYL

       SALIVATION STUDIES

       Critique of Salivation Studies

       Neurophysiological Studies

       SEDATION THRESHOLD

       Anatomical Studies

       Frodl’s Study

       Neurotropic and Neurogenesis Theories

       ELECTROMYOGRAPH (EMG) STUDIES

       ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG) SLEEP STUDIES

       EEG AROUSAL RESPONSE

       Recent Studies of Children and Adolescents

       Neuropsychological Studies

       Conclusions

       10. Psychological Studies: Tests of Psychoanalytic Theory

       Early Tests of Psychological Functioning

       PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE

       CONCEPTUAL PERFORMANCE

       PERCEPTUAL THRESHOLD

       DISTORTION OF TIME JUDGMENT

       DISTORTION OF SPATIAL JUDGMENT

       Early Experimental Studies

       Family Background and Personality

       Self-Concept

       Beck’s Systematic Investigation of Depression

       PSYCHODYNAMIC FACTORS

       HISTORY OF THE INVESTIGATION

       TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS

       Definition of Negative

       Dream Study

       Early Memories

       Focused Fantasy Test

       Negative Inventory

       Self-Concept Test

       Experimental Studies

       Collateral Studies

       COGNITIVE PATTERNS IN VERBAL MATERIAL

       LONGITUDINAL STUDIES

       PATTERNS IN DREAMS OF DEPRESSED PATIENTS

       Preliminary Study

       Principal Study

       CHILDHOOD BEREAVEMENT AND ADULT DEPRESSION

       Childhood Bereavement Study

       COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS IN DEPRESSION

       Thematic Content of Cognitions

       Typology of Cognitive Distortions

       Formal Characteristics of Depressive Cognitions

       Relationship of Depressive Thoughts to Affect

       Discussion

       Afterword

       Part III. Theoretical Aspects of Depression

       11. Theories of Depression

       Behavioral Theories

       Cognitive and Evolutionary Theories

       Psychoanalytic Theories

       AGGRESSION IN DEPRESSION

       ORALITY IN DEPRESSION

       Psychodynamic and Psychological Theories

       Existential Theories

       Neurological Theory

       Neuropsychological Theories

       Biochemical Theory

       Animal Models

       Expressed Emotion

       12. Cognition and Psychopathology

       The Primary Triad in Depression

       NEGATIVE INTERPRETATION OF EXPERIENCE

       Thwarting or Defeat

       Deprivation

       Deprecation

       NEGATIVE VIEW OF SELF

       NEGATIVE EXPECTATIONS