Depression. Aaron T. Beck, M.D.

       Depression

      Second Edition

       Depression

      Causes and Treatment

      Second Edition

      Aaron T. Beck, M.D., and

      Brad A. Alford, Ph.D.

      Copyright © 2009 Aaron T. Beck

      All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher.

      Published by

      University of Pennsylvania Press

      Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112

      Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Beck, Aaron T.

      Depression : causes and treatment / Aaron T. Beck and Brad A. Alford.—2nd ed.

      p. cm.

      Includes bibliographical references and index.

      ISBN 978-0-8122-1964-7 (alk. paper)

      1. Depression, Mental. I. Alford, Brad A. II. Title.

      [DNLM: 1. Depressive Disorder. WM 171 B393d 2008]

      RC537.B4 2008

      616.85′27—dc22 2008025522

       Contents

       Preface to the Second Edition

       Part I. Clinical Aspects of Depression

       1. The Definition of Depression

       Paradoxes of Depression

       Prevalence of Depression

       PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY BY TYPES AND AGE AT ONSET

       Descriptive Concepts of Depression

       Semantics of Depression

       Depression and Normal Moods

       2. Symptomatology of Depression

       Previous Systematic Studies

       Chief Complaint

       Symptoms

       EMOTIONAL MANIFESTATIONS

       Dejected Mood

       Negative Feelings Toward Self

       Reduction in Gratification

       Loss of Emotional Attachments

       Crying Spells

       Loss of Mirth Response

       COGNITIVE MANIFESTATIONS

       Low Self-Evaluation

       Negative Expectations

       Self-Blame and Self-Criticism

       Indecisiveness

       Distortion of Body Image

       MOTIVATIONAL MANIFESTATIONS

       Paralysis of the Will

       Avoidance, Escapist, and Withdrawal Wishes

       Suicidal Wishes

       Increased Dependency

       VEGETATIVE AND PHYSICAL MANIFESTATIONS

       Loss of Appetite

       Sleep Disturbance

       Loss of Libido

       Fatigability

       DELUSIONS

       Worthlessness

       Crime and Punishment

       Nihilistic Delusions