Life in the Open Ocean. Joseph J. Torres

the Octopodiforme...Figure 8.79 The paper nautilus Argonauta. (a) Lateral view of a female Argon...Figure 8.80 Familial differences in cephalopod digestive systems. Thin arrow...Figure 8.81 Cephalopod circulation. (a) Lateral view of the basic arterial c...Figure 8.82 Cephalopod respiration. Respiratory system of the cuttlefish Sep...Figure 8.83 Countercurrent exchange in cephalopod respiration. (a) General p...Figure 8.84 Cephalopod excretory systems. (a) Internal anatomy of the cuttle...Figure 8.85 Cephalopod excretion. (a) Renal sac structure in the cuttlefish Figure 8.86 Cephalopod nervous systems. (a) Superior view of the brain of Oc...Figure 8.87 Cephalopod rapid escape response. (a) Arrangement of circular an...Figure 8.88 Cephalopod mechanoreception. (a) Stylized “octopod” statocyst; (...Figure 8.89 Gravity detection in cephalopods: polarized hair cells. The rela...Figure 8.90 Cross section of a stylized octopod crista with attached cupula ...Figure 8.91 The pinhole eye of Nautilus. (a) Diagram of the basic pinhole ty...Figure 8.92 Cephalopod vision. (a) The eye of Octopus; (b) teleost fish eye ...Figure 8.93 Cephalopod vision. (a) The converse retina of Octopus; (b) the i...Figure 8.94 Dermal chromatophores. Contraction of muscle bands causes expans...Figure 8.95 Cephalopod bioluminescence. Photophore positions (black areas or...Figure 8.96 Schematic lateral view of a squid showing the relative positions...Figure 8.97 Buoyancy control in Nautilus. (a) Section of Nautilus showing th...Figure 8.98 Buoyancy control in Spirula. (a) Lateral view of the internal st...Figure 8.99 Diagrammatic longitudinal section through the cuttlebone of an a...Figure 8.100 Life history models. (a) Alternating generation model: young of...Figure 8.101 Life cycle of Illex illecebrosus. Larger solid arrows show nort...Figure 8.102 Cephalopod reproductive systems. (a) Female reproductive system...Figure 8.103 Distribution as a function of depth and habitat for cephalopod ...

      9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 The lancelet, Amphioxus species.Figure 9.2 Solitary and colonial ascidians. (a) The solitary ascidian Ciona ...Figure 9.3 Thaliaceans: pyrosomes, doliolids, and salps. (a) Colonial thalia...Figure 9.4 A phylogeny of Metazoa.Figure 9.5 Diagrammatic lateral view (a) and cross section (b) of a tunicate...Figure 9.6 Ascidian larvae and metamorphosis. (a) An ascidian tadpole larva....Figure 9.7 Pyrosomes. (a) A colony of Pyrosoma atlanticum; (b) longitudinal ...Figure 9.8 Developmental stages of Pyrosoma atlanticum. (a) Early embryo and...Figure 9.9 Illustrations of the two distinct morphs of salps. (a) Solitary f...Figure 9.10 Patterns of arrangement of aggregate salps. Representative gener...Figure 9.11 The two morphs of the salp Soestia zonaria. (a) Solitary form; (...Figure 9.12 Morphology of salps. (a) Morphology of an oozooid (solitary zooi...Figure 9.13 Three basic stages in the salp life cycle: (i) solitary asexual ...Figure 9.14 Salp reproduction. (a) Lateral view of a solitary embryo (oozooi...Figure 9.15 The developed oozooid of Salpa thompsonii.Figure 9.16 Doliolid anatomy. (a) Basic anatomy of a young oozooid of Doliol...Figure 9.17 Doliolid development: “nurse” stage. (a) “Early nurse” stage wit...Figure 9.18 Doliolid zooid morphology. (a) A gastrozooid of Dolioletta gegen...Figure 9.19 Doliolid larval development. (a) Early larva of Doliolum denticu...Figure 9.20 Doliolid life cycle. Larvae develop into a non‐feeding oozooid (...Figure 9.21 Appendicularian anatomy. (a–c) are comparisons among the three f...Figure 9.22 Appendicularian anatomy. Anatomy of Fritillaria pellucida: (a) l...Figure 9.23 Appendicularian life cycle.Figure 9.24 Appendicularian house production. Diagrammatic lateral view of t...Figure 9.25 Appendicularian house building cycle. After abandoning an old ho...Figure 9.26 Water circulation through an oikopleurid house.Figure 9.27 Feeding filter dynamic. (a) Lateral view into the sinus at the o...Figure 9.28 Pyrosomes. Photos from life of a pyrosome in natural light (uppe...Figure 9.29 Illustrations of the structural differences between the blastozo...Figure 9.30 Pyrosome nervous system. (a) Nervous system in the mouth region ...Figure 9.31 The nervous system of thaliaceans. (a) Nervous system of the ooz...Figure 9.32 The nervous system and eye of thaliaceans. (a) The nervous syste...Figure 9.33 The Langerhans receptor of Oikopleura. (a) Stereogram showing th...Figure 9.34 Thaliacian circulatory systems. (a) Blood flow in Thalia democra...Figure 9.35 Impact of appendicularians on oceanic food webs and their involv...Figure 9.36 Oikopleurid appendicularian illustrating the location of inclusi...

      10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Internal anatomy of the cephalochordate Branchiostoma.Figure 10.2 Taxonomic concepts and teleostean phylogeny. (a) Taxonomic conce...Figure 10.3 Fish evolution and ocean paleohistory. Stars indicate the five g...Figure 10.4 Ancestral fish groups. (a) Class Conodonta; (b) superclass Osteo...Figure 10.5 A proposed chordate phylogeny (gray) with fossil presence (strat...Figure 10.6 Phylogenetic relationships among Actinopterygian fishes. Daggers...Figure 10.7 Examples from fossil groups that are possible stem ancestors of ...Figure 10.8 Ancestral and modern sharks. (a) The ancestral shark Hybodus sp....Figure 10.9 Holocephali (chimaeras). (a) Restoration of the ancestral holoce...Figure 10.10 Agnatha (hagfishes). (a) Lateral view of a stylized modern hagf...Figure 10.11 Lamprey anatomy. (a) Lateral view of the European river lamprey...Figure 10.12 Lamprey life cycle. Segments of the pie chart represent the dif...Figure 10.13 Shark skeletal structure.Figure 10.14 The Batoidea. (a) The guitarfish Rhinbatos lentiginosus; (b) th...Figure 10.15 Filter‐feeding sharks and rays. (a) The manta ray Mobula hypost...Figure 10.16 The Holocephali (chimaeras). (a) Short‐nose chimaera Hydrolagus...Figure 10.17 Hydrolagus colliei. (a) Anterior view of H. colliei. Arrows sho...Figure 10.18 Coelacanths. (a) Adult male coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae; (b)...Figure 10.19 Leptocephalus larva of an ophichthid eel.Figure 10.20 The elopomorphs. (a) The tarpon Megalops atlanticus; (b) the bo...Figure 10.21 The Anguilliformes and Sachopharyngiformes. (a) The snipe eel N...Figure 10.22 Highly productive regions associated with either upwelling or r...Figure 10.23 Opisthoproctidae. (a) Dorsal view of the spookfish Dolichoptery...Figure 10.24 The alepocephalid Photostylus pycnopterus.Figure 10.25 Bathylagids. (a) The silvery‐colored, upper‐mesopelagic bathyla...Figure 10.26 The platytroctid Holtbyrnia sp. showing the tube that gives the...Figure 10.27 A comparison of biological characteristics between three specie...Figure 10.28 Lateral view (top) and close‐up of the head (bottom) of the lar...Figure 10.29 Combinations of co‐dominant species of Cyclothone from the Paci...Figure 10.30 The phosichthyid Vinciguerria poweriae: whole body (top) and cl...Figure 10.31 The sternoptychid Valenciennellus tripunctulatus. Note the well...Figure 10.32 Sternoptychidae: examples of the three genera of hatchetfishes....Figure 10.33 Astronesthinae. (a) Lateral view (left) and close‐up of the hea...Figure 10.34 Chauliodontinae. (a) Lateral view (top) and close‐up of the hea...Figure 10.35 Idiacanthinae. Lateral view of the whole body (upper) and a clo...Figure 10.36 Melanostomiinae. (a) Lateral view (upper) and close‐up of the h...Figure 10.37 Malacosteinae. (a) Lateral view (left) and close‐up of the head...Figure 10.38 Stomiinae. (a) The stomiid Stomias boa ferox; (b) day‐night dis...Figure 10.39 The alepisaurid Alepisaurus ferox.Figure 10.40 Evermanellidae. (a) Close‐up of the head of Odonostomops normal...Figure 10.41 Giganturidae. (a) Adult Gigantura chuni. (b) Close‐up of the he...Figure 10.42 Notosudidae. (a) The notosudid Scopelosaurus smithi; (b) close‐...Figure 10.43 The omosudid Omosudis lowei.Figure 10.44 Lateral view (top) and close‐up of the head of the paralepidid Figure 10.45 Scopelarchidae. Lateral view (top) and close‐up of the head of Figure 10.46 Neoscopelidae. External characteristics of shallow and deep liv...Figure 10.47 Names of individual photophores and photophore groups in the My...Figure 10.48 Two species of myctophids in the subfamily Diaphinae. (a) Later...Figure 10.49 A comparison of external characteristics of three species from ...Figure 10.50 Two species of myctophids from the subfamily Myctophinae. (a) C...Figure 10.51 Diel vertical profiles of four dominant myctophid species in th...Figure 10.52 A comparison of growth rates for two cold‐temperate species, th...Figure 10.53 The Lampriformes. (a) the oarfish, Regalecus glesne; (b) the op...Figure 10.54 The Stylephoriformes. (a) The tube‐eye (or thread‐tail), Stylep...Figure 10.55 The Gadiformes. (a) a codlet, Bregmaceros sp. The first dorsal ...Figure 10.56 The melamphaid Melamphaes suborbitalis.Figure 10.57 Four radically different life stages displayed by the Cetomimid...Figure 10.58 Adult (a) and juvenile (b) Anoplogaster cornuta. Note the diffe...Figure 10.59 The Gempylidae (snake mackerels). (a) The oilfish Ruvettus pret...Figure 10.60 The trichiurid (cutlassfish) Trichiurus lepturus.Figure 10.61 The classification system for the Scombridae showing the four‐t...Figure 10.62 Classification system for the suborder Xiphioidei (the billfish...Figure 10.63 The Beloniformes. (a) The hemiramphid Hyporamphus