Life in the Open Ocean. Joseph J. Torres

7.5 Diurnal vertical migration in euphausiids from three oceanic syst...Table 7.6 Adult size ranges, egg sizes, and fecundity of pelagic decapods.Table 7.7 Abundance and biomass of decapods and lophogastrids from mesopela...Table 7.8 Diet composition of dominant decapods and lophogastrids from the ...Table 7.9 Comparison of the dietary contribution of prey categories between...Table 7.10 Comparison of life‐history characteristics of the bathypelagic m...Table 7.11 Partitioning of material or energy within production component o...Table 7.12 Vertical ranges and sampling locations for a variety of Mysid an...Table 7.13 Oceanic distributions of bathypelagic crustaceans found in the e...Table 7.14 Diets of Antarctic amphipods. All diet taxa expressed as percent...Table 7.15 Common hosts and diets in hyperiid amphipod families. Host taxa ...Table 7.16 Depth distribution of pelagic amphipod species. Source: Vinograd...

      7 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Diet composition ofCarinaria japonica from the California borderla...Table 8.2 Heteropod abundances from four different oceanic regions. Species...Table 8.3 Abundance of invertebrate micronekton in the Gulf of Mexico.Table 8.4 Pteropod day–night vertical distributions in the Sargasso Sea and ...Table 8.5 Efficiency of oxygen extraction in cephalopods.Table 8.6 Levels of organization and responses in the brain ofOctopus.

      8 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Relative mechanical efficiency,E, of jet‐propulsion in Salpa fusif...Table 9.2 Abundance data for salp swarms reported for locations throughout ...Table 9.3 Size, filtering rate, and weight‐specific filtering rates of proto...Table 9.4 Minimum size of food particles ingested by several taxa that are ...Table 9.5 Species numbers for taxa confirmed to prey on thaliaceans. Specie...Table 9.6 Regional distribution of Thaliacean species enumerated by genus. T...Table 9.7 Regional distribution of Appendicularian species enumerated by fa...

      9 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Elements of shark early life history.Table 10.2 Elements of shark early life history.Table 10.3 Maximum‐age estimates for six tropical‐subtropical and two suban...Table 10.4 Total number of gill filaments, secondary lamellae (one side only...Table 10.5 Oxygen carrying capacity of the blood of fishes with different li...Table 10.6 Ionic concentrations (mOmol l⁻¹) of plasma and rectal gland...Table 10.7 A comparison of fast and slow muscle fibers in fish.Table 10.8 Fractional volumes and masses of buoyancy aids required to match...

      10 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Species composition of the decapod and mysid assemblage in the u...Table 11.2 Species composition of the euphausiid assemblage in the upper 10...Table 11.3 Myctophids. Species composition of the myctophid assemblage in the upp...Table 11.4 Stomiiformes. Species composition and abundance of the pelagic Stomiif...Table 11.5 Non‐myctophid and non‐stomiiform fishes. Species compositi...Table 11.6 The cephalopods. Species composition of the cephalopod assemblage in t...Table 11.7 Gelatinous zooplankton and amphipods. Species composition of the gelat...

      11 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Metabolic rates of pelagic euphausiids, decapods, mysids, and amp...Table 12.2 Metabolic rates of pelagic euphausiids, decapods, mysids, and amphipo...Table 12.3 Metabolic rates of pelagic euphausiids, decapods, mysids, and amp...Table 12.4 Proximate composition of pelagic euphausiids, decapods, and mysid...Table 12.5 Proximate composition of pelagic euphausiids, decapods, and mysids in...Table 12.6 Proximate composition of pelagic euphausiids, decapods, and mysid...Table 12.7 Metabolic rates of mesopelagic fishes in the eastern Gulf of Mexi...Table 12.8 Metabolic rates of mesopelagic fishes in the California Current. ...Table 12.9 Metabolic rates of mesopelagic fishes in the Antarctic. Data from...Table 12.10 Proximate composition of pelagic fishes in the eastern Gulf of M...Table 12.11 Proximate composition of pelagic fishes in the California Current. D...Table 12.12 Proximate composition of pelagic fishes in the Antarctic. Data f...Table 12.13 Euphausiid energetics. Comparison of energy usage forEuphausia p...Table 12.14 Mesopelagic fish energetics. Brief comparison of energy usage fo...Table 12.15 Metabolic rates of cephalopods in the California Current and Ant...Table 12.16 Metabolic rates of pteropods, annelids, and salps from tropical–...Table 12.17 Metabolic rates of medusae and ctenophores from tropical–subtrop...

      List of Illustrations

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 The Earth's surface area. (a) Earth’s surface area as a function ...Figure 1.2 Dynamic viscosity ( μ ). A fluid’s “stickiness” or resistanc...Figure 1.3 Flow‐induced differential pressure. (a) Drag. (b) Lift.Figure 1.4 The Polar Oceans. (a) Arctic Ocean basin. (b) Southern Ocean surr...Figure 1.5 Geostrophic (surface) currents.Figure 1.6 Thermohaline (deep) currents.Figure 1.7 Coriolis effect. Differences in velocity of Earth's surface as a ...Figure 1.8 Coriolis effect. Apparent curved path of an object not coupled to...Figure 1.9 Ekman transport. Net spiral pattern of wind‐driven motion down th...Figure 1.10 Upwelling and downwelling. (a) Ekman transport caused by wind bl...Figure 1.11 T‐S diagram. Temperature–salinity plot from an oceanographic sta...Figure 1.12 Standard depth profiles of temperature at low, middle, and high ...Figure 1.13 Surface and central water masses.Figure 1.14 Intermediate water masses.Figure 1.15 Deep and bottom water masses: sources and flow patterns. AAIW, A...Figure 1.16 Flow patterns and mixing of water masses in the Southern Ocean. ...Figure 1.17 Oxygen and temperature profiles from four oceanic regions. (a) A...Figure 1.18 Typical oceanic oxygen concentrations. (a) Surface; (b) 500 m.Figure 1.19 Mechanical wave propagation. (a) Transverse wave. Particles disp...Figure 1.20 Velocity of sound in seawater as a function of depth. Maximum ve...Figure 1.21 Total spectrum of electromagnetic radiation.Figure 1.22 Attenuation of different wavelengths of light as a function of d...Figure 1.23 Light intensity and photic zonation as a function of depth in co...Figure 1.24 Oceanic depth zones. Examples of typical fauna from each zone ar...

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Biogeographic ranges and distributions of four species of epipela...Figure 2.2 Thermal tolerance and lethal limits. (a) Thermal tolerance polygo...Figure 2.3 Energy distribution curves for a population of molecules at two d...Figure 2.4 Precht’s patterns of temperature acclimation. Animals are acclima...Figure 2.5 Schematic representation of the relation between temperature and ...Figure 2.6 Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities (international units gWM⁻¹...