Life in the Open Ocean. Joseph J. Torres

3.35 Degrees of dependence on gelatinous parts for flotation. (a) Rhi...Figure 3.36 The four major temperate zones of the ocean surface. The Tropica...Figure 3.37 Simplified wiring diagram of a physonectid siphonophore. Only ec...Figure 3.38 Porpitidae. (a) Pelagic polyp colony and medusa of Porpita porpi...Figure 3.39 Life cycle of Tubularia, an athecate hydroid that does not relea...

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Basic ctenophore morphology. (a) The cydippid ctenophore Pleurobr...Figure 4.2 Typical young cydippid larva.Figure 4.3 Ctenophore anatomy. (a) General anatomy of a cydippid ctenophore,...Figure 4.4 Symmetry and polar fields. (a) Aboral view of the cydippid ctenop...Figure 4.5 Aboral sense organs. (a) Statocyst of a cydippid ctenophore. (b) ...Figure 4.6 Lobate ctenophores. (a and b) Morphological comparison of cydippi...Figure 4.7 Cestid ctenophores. (a) The cestid ctenophore Velamen; (b) enlarg...Figure 4.8 Beroid ctenophores. (a) Aboral view of Beroë (flattened aspe...Figure 4.9 Platyctenid ctenophores. (a) The platyctenid Ctenoplana sp. showi...Figure 4.10 Ganeshid and thalassocalycid ctenophores. (a) The ganeshid cteno...Figure 4.11 Ctenophore tentacles. (a) Longitudinal section through a ctenoph...Figure 4.12 Prey encounter zones. (a) Tentacles fish within a volume describ...Figure 4.13 The lobate ctenophore Leucothea ochracea.Figure 4.14 The Black Sea region of Eastern Europe showing the two narrow st...Figure 4.15 Impact of ctenophores on fish populations. (a) Average abundance...Figure 4.16 Gastrovascular canal structure. (a) A rosette cell from the gast...Figure 4.17 The arrangement of the principal components of the apical organ/...Figure 4.18 Function of balancer cilia in ctenophores. (a) Apical organ poin...Figure 4.19 Statocyst control of movement in Pleurobrachia. (a) A horizontal...Figure 4.20 Transverse section through the region of the pharynx of Pleurobr...Figure 4.21 Comparison of a hypothesis of ctenophore phylogeny based on morp...

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Benthic and pelagic nemerteans. (a) Cerebratulus sp., a common be...Figure 5.2 Gastrulation and coelom formation. (a) invagination of a coelobla...Figure 5.3 Diagrammatic cross sections of grades of structure. (a) acoelomat...Figure 5.4 Cross section of the pelagic nemertean Nectonemertes species.Figure 5.5 Diagrams of symmetry. (a) Spherical; (b) radial (Cnidaria); (c) b...Figure 5.6 Diagrams illustrating the effects of contraction of circular musc...Figure 5.7 Histological structure and anatomy of nemerteans. (a) Section thr...Figure 5.8 Schematic vertical longitudinal sections showing the arrangement ...Figure 5.9 Schematic diagrams showing the relationships between the parts of...Figure 5.10 Stylet apparatus of Pelagonemertes.Figure 5.11 Nemertean body and caudal fin shapes. (a) Body outlines of 10 sp...Figure 5.12 The pelagic nemertean Bathynemertes species.Figure 5.13 Nemertean nervous system. (a) The nervous system of Neuronemerte...Figure 5.14 Nemertean sense organs. (a) The head of the hoplonemertean Amphi...Figure 5.15 Integumentary and subepidermal sense organs in pelagic nemertean...Figure 5.16 Nemertean circulatory system. (a) Circulatory and excretory syst...Figure 5.17 Nemertean circulatory system. (a) Dorsal view of the internal st...Figure 5.18 Nemertean excretory system. (a) Protonephridial cluster of Drepa...Figure 5.19 Nemertean digestive system. (a) Longitudinal section through the...Figure 5.20 Reproductive systems in male and female Nectonemertes mirabilis....Figure 5.21 Vertical profiles for 15 North Atlantic bathypelagic nemertean s...

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Dendrogram showing phylogenetic relationships of annelids (Brusca...Figure 6.2 Cross section through a segment of the clam worm Alitta virens (f...Figure 6.3 Dorsal and ventral views of the head of Alitta virens.Figure 6.4 (a) The echiuroid Urechis caupo in its burrow. Note its body shap...Figure 6.5 Representative examples of the four most commonly caught families...Figure 6.6 Examples of three less common pelagic marine polychaete families....Figure 6.7 Examples from two families of Terebellid polychaetes. (a) Acrocir...Figure 6.8 Dorsal view of Alitta virens showing the general arrangement of i...Figure 6.9 Metameric anatomy of annelids. (a) Diagram of the anatomy within ...Figure 6.10 External anatomy of polychaetes: regional zonation and growth. (...Figure 6.11 Structure of the head and parapodia of marine polychaetes from t...Figure 6.12 The chaetopterid Chaetopterus variopedatus showing heteronomous ...Figure 6.13 Different types of chaetae from various polychaetes.Figure 6.14 Examples of structural differences in polychaete parapodia. (a) ...Figure 6.15 Polychaete excretory systems. (a) Hypothetical polychaete excret...Figure 6.16 Polychaete excretory systems. (a) Hypothetical polychaete excret...Figure 6.17 Polychaete excretory systems. (a) Hypothetical polychaete excret...Figure 6.18 Dorsal view of the central nervous system of Alitta virens.Figure 6.19 Polychaete sense organs. (a) Sensory and supporting granular cel...Figure 6.20 Polychaete photoreception (eyes). (a) A simple chaetopterid eye....Figure 6.21 Polychaete circulatory systems. (a) Circulation within a segment...Figure 6.22 Illustration of the tube‐dwelling polychaete Cirratulus cirratusFigure 6.23 (a) An epitokous Neanthes nubila; (b and c) the dimorphic parapo...Figure 6.24 A pelagic tomopterid showing the undulatory sinusoidal shape ass...Figure 6.25 Parapodial musculature and movement. (a and b) Movement of a par...Figure 6.26 Form of the proboscis in alciopines.Figure 6.27 Vertical distribution of the Antarctic polychaete P. longicirrat...

      7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Onychophorans. (a) Conjectural reconstruction of Asheaia. (b) Ano...Figure 7.2 Tardigrade general anatomy. (a) A typical “water bear,” Echinicus...Figure 7.3 Archetypic body architecture of a malacostracan crusteacean.Figure 7.4 Classes Remipedia and Cephalocarida. (a) Stylized drawing of a re...Figure 7.5 The leptostracan crustacean Nebalia bipes.Figure 7.6 Stomatopoda. (a) External anatomy of the stomatopod Squilla; (b) ...Figure 7.7 General body form and external anatomy of a typical euphausiid Me...Figure 7.8 External anatomy of the amphionid crustacean Amphionides reynaudi...Figure 7.9 A typical dendrobranch decapod; the penaeid shrimp Penaeus setife...Figure 7.10 Mysid and lophogastrid shrimps. (a) Typical female mysid shrimp....Figure 7.11 Isopoda. (a) The giant bathypelagic isopod Anuropus bathypelagic...Figure 7.12 Amphipoda. (a) A typical gammarid amphipod. (b) A typical hyperi...Figure 7.13 (a) Cytology of the integument of the lined shore crab, Gecarinu...Figure 7.14 The eye and eye stalk of the shrimp, Leander, showing the X‐orga...Figure 7.15 Cross section of a body segment of a stylized arthropod showing ...Figure 7.16 Generalized arthropod body and limb joints. (a) Body wall joint ...Figure 7.17 Crustacean trunk limbs. (a) Generalized biramous limb. (b) Biram...Figure 7.18 Basic principles involved in excretion: ultrafiltration, secreti...Figure 7.19 The crustacean antennal or “green” gland. (a) Cut‐away of the he...Figure 7.20 Basic structure of the decapod crustacean nervous system.Figure 7.21 Compound eye types. (a) Apposition eye with axial light receptio...Figure 7.22 Fields of view and binocular overlap of the medial eyes of four ...Figure 7.23 Crustacean mechanoreception. (a) Antennal statocyst showing the ...Figure 7.24 Deep‐sea penaeid shrimp showing very long trailing antennae.Figure 7.25 Crustacean chemoreception. (a) Distribution of chemosensitivity ...Figure 7.26 Dose response to an equimolar mixture of L‐glutamic acid, taurin...Figure 7.27 Crustacean circulatory systems. (a) Major organ systems of a gen...Figure 7.28 Eucarid gills. (a) Positional gill types in decapod crustaceans....Figure 7.29 Crustacean gills. (a) a,b,c, on left side of figure‐ Circulation...Figure 7.30 Decapod gill types. (a) Phyllobranchiate; (b) trichobranchiate; ...Figure 7.31 Anatomy of the stomach of the crayfish, Astacus (lateral view)....Figure 7.32