Design and Development of Efficient Energy Systems. Группа авторов

denotes Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen sulphide and Methane sensor datas and n,m, p denotes the range of the datas.

      All these major components are connected in the arduino board with connecting wires and fitted in the required places (underground drainage pipes) where damaged occurred. It will easily detect the gases and also the leakage of pipes in that specific area. It also gives a notification to the authorities about the leakage by a message and it is able to identify the location by GSM module and fix the problem as soon as possible.

      3.3.2 Crack Detection

A semi-automated battery-operated (Figure 3.2) cart is designed with ultrasonic sensors attached to the front. This ultrasonic sensor sends high-frequency sound waves through the transmitter head, which then goes and reflects back on hitting the surface of the track, and comes back to the receiver head. This is then converted to distance.

      A threshold distance is set, by measuring the distance between the sensor and the surface of the track. At the time of inspection, if the distance exceeds or is less than the threshold distance, it indicates that a crack is present on the track. When a crack as such is detected, the cart stops there. This is the first level of testing.

      As a second level of testing, once the cart stops, a camera attached to the front of the cart is triggered on. This camera then takes a picture of the track where the crack is present. This picture is then sent to the Amazon S3 bucket and image processing is performed on the captured image. This is done so as to detect if it is a major or a minor crack.

      In case of a major crack, the cart will store the GPS location and return to the previous checkpoint. In case of a minor crack, the cart will continue with its inspection. In either case, the GPS location and the details of the crack and the status are stored in Amazon EC2 and are sent immediately to the concerned authorities to be rectified as soon as possible.

Figure 3.2 Flow diagram of the automated system.

Cart development and sensor:

      For the development of the cart, 12V DC motors can be used. Motor controller L298N is used to control the movement of the cart. Ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 sends high-frequency sound waves and calculates the distance of the reflected wave. This sensor detects the minute defects with high accuracy. This is a non-destructive testing method.

       Raspberry Pi 3:

      RPi is a low-cost, small credit-card-sized computer. RPi3 is faster than Arduino.

       Cloud server and Image processing:

      Host server is AWS EC2. Date, time, message status, ID, sensor value, latitude and longitude are stored in the EC2 database. A picture of the defect is taken and stored in AWS S3 bucket. Gaussian Mixture Model can be used for image processing which comes under supervised learning.

      3.3.3 Experimental Setup

       Gas Sensor

A gas sensor (Figure 3.3) is utilized to identify the nearness of a hazardous LPG spill in a vehicle or in a work station, stockpiling tank condition. This unit is frequently effectively fused into a caution unit, to sound an alert or give a visual sign of the LPG fixation. The sensor has excellent affectability joined with a quick repsonse time. The sensor likewise can detect iso-butane, propane, LNG and tobacco smoke.

       Ultrasonic Sensor

      Ultrasonic robots for break location contain transducers arranged at an alternate point to the channel divider. This guarantees ultrasonic shear waves spread along a 45° way through the divider. Both inward and outside splits mirror the vitality.

       GPS

      The GPS module L10 brings the superior of the MTK situating motor to the monetary norm. The L10 bolsters 210 PRN channels. This adaptable, independent recipient consolidates a careful exhibit of highlights with adaptable availability choices. Their straightforward combination prompts quick time-to-advertise during a wide determination of car, customer and modern applications.

Figure 3.3 Gas sensor.

Raspberry Pi

Raspberry Pi board (Figure 3.4) is a small wonder, pressing extensive registering power into an impression no bigger than a Mastercard. It’s prepared to do some stunning things; however, there are a couple of things that the user needs to know before using it. The processor at the core of the Raspberry Pi framework is a Broadcom BCM2835 framework on-chip (SoC) interactive media processor. This implies most by far of the framework’s segments, including its focal and illustrations handling units alongside the sound and interchanges equipment, are fabricated onto that solitary segment covered up underneath the 256 MB memory chip at the focal point of the board It’s not simply this SoC plan that makes the BCM2835 distinctive to the processor found in a work area or PC, notwithstanding. It likewise utilizes an alternate guidance set engineering (ISA), known as ARM.

       GSM Module (Global System for Mobile Communications):

GSM is an open and computerized cell innovation utilized for transmitting portable voice and information administrations works at the 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz recurrence groups. GSM framework was created as a computerized framework utilizing time division different access (TDMA) strategy for correspondence reason. Figure 3.5 presents a flow diagram of the leakage detection.

Figure 3.4 Raspberry pi.

Figure 3.5 Flow diagram of the leakage detection.

Mobile Application:

      A portable application, usually alluded to as an application, is a sort of use programming intended to run on a cell phone, for example, or tablet PC. Portable applications as often as possible serve to give clients comparative administrations to those found on PCs. Applications are commonly little, singular programming units with constrained capacity. This utilization of application programming was initially promoted by Apple Inc. Its App Store offers a large number of utilizations for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch.

      A versatile application likewise might be known as an application, web application, online application, iPhone application or cell phone application.

3.4 Experimental Results

      The trial investigation of both article recognition and following as far as subjective and quantitative is given below.

      Despite the ban on manual scavenging in India, over 300 deaths due to