The 2001 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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Название The 2001 CIA World Factbook
Автор произведения United States. Central Intelligence Agency
Жанр Социология
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Издательство Социология
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India 77%, Japan, UK, Germany, US

      Debt - external: $120 million (1998)

      Economic aid - recipient: $73.8 million (1995)

      Currency: ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR)

      Currency code: BTN; INR

      Exchange rates: ngultrum per US dollar - 46.540 (January 2001), 44.942 (2000), 43.055 (1999), 41.259 (1998), 36.313 (1997), 35.433 (1996); note - the Bhutanese ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee which is also legal tender

      Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June

      Bhutan Communications

      Telephones - main lines in use: 6,000 (1997)

      Telephones - mobile cellular: NA

      Telephone system: general assessment: NA

      domestic: domestic telephone service is very poor with few telephones in use

      international: international telephone and telegraph service is by landline through India; a satellite earth station was planned (1990)

      Radio broadcast stations: AM 0, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998)

      Radios: 37,000 (1997)

      Television broadcast stations: 0 (1997)

      Televisions: 11,000 (1997)

      Internet country code: .bt

      Internet Service Providers (ISPs): NA

      Internet users: 500 (2000)

      Bhutan Transportation

      Railways: 0 km

      Highways: total: 3,285 km

      paved: 1,994 km

      unpaved: 1,291 km (1996)

      Waterways: none

      Ports and harbors: none

      Airports: 2 (2000 est.)

      Airports - with paved runways: total: 1

      1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2000 est.)

      Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 1

      914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2000 est.)

      Bhutan Military

      Military branches: Royal Bhutan Army, National Militia, Royal Bhutan

       Police, Royal Body Guards, Forest Guards (paramilitary)

      Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age

      Military manpower - availability: males age 15–49: 504,342 (2001 est.)

      Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15–49: 269,251 (2001 est.)

      Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 21,167 (2001 est.)

      Military expenditures - dollar figure: $NA

      Military expenditures - percent of GDP: NA%

      Bhutan Transnational Issues

      Disputes - international: refugee issue over the presence in Nepal of approximately 98,700 Bhutanese refugees, 90% of whom are in seven United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) camps

      ======================================================================

      @Bolivia

      Bolivia Introduction

      Background: Bolivia, named after independence fighter Simon BOLIVAR, broke away from Spanish rule in 1825; much of its subsequent history has consisted of a series of nearly 200 coups and counter-coups. Comparatively democratic civilian rule was established in the 1980s, but leaders have faced difficult problems of deep-seated poverty, social unrest, and drug production. Current goals include attracting foreign investment, strengthening the educational system, continuing the privatization program, and waging an anti-corruption campaign.

      Bolivia Geography

      Location: Central South America, southwest of Brazil

      Geographic coordinates: 17 00 S, 65 00 W

      Map references: South America

      Area: total: 1,098,580 sq km

      land: 1,084,390 sq km

      water: 14,190 sq km

      Area - comparative: slightly less than three times the size of

       Montana

      Land boundaries: total: 6,743 km

      border countries: Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km, Paraguay 750 km, Peru 900 km

      Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

      Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

      Climate: varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid

      Terrain: rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland plains of the Amazon Basin

      Elevation extremes: lowest point: Rio Paraguay 90 m

      highest point: Nevado Sajama 6,542 m

      Natural resources: tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower

      Land use: arable land: 2%

      permanent crops: 0%

      permanent pastures: 24%

      forests and woodland: 53%

      other: 21% (1993 est.)

      Irrigated land: 1,750 sq km (1993 est.)

      Natural hazards: flooding in the northeast (March-April)

      Environment - current issues: the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and the international demand for tropical timber are contributing to deforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification; loss of biodiversity; industrial pollution of water supplies used for drinking and irrigation

      Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity,

       Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,

       Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test

       Ban, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

      signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection

      Geography - note: landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake (elevation 3,805 m), with Peru

      Bolivia People

      Population: 8,300,463 (July 2001 est.)

      Age structure: 0–14 years: 38.46% (male 1,626,698; female 1,565,748)

      15–64 years: 57.07% (male 2,315,098; female 2,421,987)

      65 years and over: 4.47% (male 166,986; female 203,946) (2001 est.)

      Population growth rate: 1.76% (2001 est.)

      Birth rate: 27.27 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

      Death rate: 8.2 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

      Net migration rate: −1.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

      Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

      under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

      15–64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

      65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female

      total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

      Infant mortality rate: 58.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

      Life