Museum Transformations. Группа авторов

      By providing these individual albeit very brief biographies, the center was able to avoid the religiously ritualized reading of names. At the same time, the audio program is so arresting, dignified, and appropriate to mourning and remembrance that this room can undoubtedly be regarded as the centerpiece. As Brigitte Sion (2008, 65) writes in her study, “Visitors slow down, freeze, stare at the names and listen to the life stories: a child from Dresden, a grandmother from Budapest, a student from Lyons, a singer from Venice. One more. It is hard to exit the room.” The fact that such biographical information is available for only a fraction of the more than three million names collected in the Yad Vashem database reveals the tremendous task for the future: scholars will be busy for years researching as many personal histories as possible in order to put a face to the names in the database. And the stories they unearth can subsequently be presented in the information center. To this day, only approximately ten thousand names from Yad Vashem’s collection have been reviewed in this way and presented in the center. Scholars from the Holocaust Memorial Foundation cooperate closely with Yad Vashem and other institutions in Germany and abroad that are conducting research into the individual fates and biographies of people who perished in the Holocaust.

FIGURE 1.3 Room of Names, Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe. The room is empty. A reading of names and short biographies of Jews from across Europe who were murdered, or are presumed dead, emanates from speakers. At the same time, the names and, if known, year of birth and year of death of the victims appear on all four walls.

      © Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, Lepkowski, 2007.

Visitors to the information center can access the actual database of Yad Vashem and its “Pages of Testimony” at computer terminals in a separate part of the exit foyer outside the Room of Names, and print out any information they have found. This way, visitors who have never been to Israel can also research the fates of their relatives in Berlin. (For a critical discussion of presenting the names of Holocaust victims at the memorial, see Dekel 2008, 166–188, and passim).

The outcome

      The exhibition concept that eventually emerged from fraught discussions is an exemplary portrayal of the individual fates of victims of the Holocaust from across Europe. In accordance with contemporary exhibition culture, it is subjectcentered. Visitors are encouraged to empathetically acknowledge individual life stories, particularly in regard to the history of the Holocaust (Köhr 2008; Geissler 2011). The variety of the biographies allows us to perceive Jewish life across Europe before the Holocaust in all its diversity (see Figure 1.4).

      FIGURE 1.4 Room of Families, Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe. Different social, national, and religious Jewish milieus are shown in this room, based on the fates of 15 Jewish families. The stories of these Jewish families reflect the diversity of Jewish culture and tradition in Europe before the Holocaust. Photos and personal documents bear witness to the dissolution, expulsion, and extermination of these families and their members.

      © Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, Lepkowski, 2008.

Interest in Jewish milieus especially in the countries of eastern Europe (e.g., Poland, Russia, and Lithuania) has not been very strong in the past, at least in Germany, in contrast to many other countries. The center’s exhibition hence fills a knowledge gap, particularly for many young Germans. At the same time, it not only conveys knowledge about the victims of the Holocaust, but also fulfills the center’s aspiration to provide information about those responsible for the crimes. This aspect of Germany’s Nazi past becomes visible in the historical presentation of the different stages in the escalation of violence and the naming of the perpetrators in the entry foyer. Another important element of the center is the portal of memorial sites located in the exit foyer. This enables visitors to find their way to other exhibitions and institutions, particularly those located at the original historical sites in Germany and abroad. In an adjacent room visitors can view videos from an archive of interviews with survivors which the foundation has established in cooperation with the Fortunoff Archives at Yale University (Baranowski 2009; Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe 2010, 14–54). The last of the four exhibition rooms, the Room of Sites, shows films and images of places where European Jews were persecuted and killed, and of ghettos, deportation routes, and death marches. Between showcases in the shape of stelae, there are niches in which one can hear individual eyewitness reports from these sites.

Reactions

      Since its completion, the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe has become a tourist magnet. Visitors from all over the world stroll through Eisenman’s sculpture and have their pictures taken lying or sitting on one of the stelae in front of the Brandenburg Gate. There is a surprising uninhibitedness even gaiety at this place dedicated to the mourning and remembrance of the victims of the Holocaust. While the earlier tendency of people jumping from stela to stela is less and less tolerated, playing hide and seek is still widespread, especially among younger visitors. It appears that in most cases a visit to the information center conveys the meaning of the memorial and provides visitors with an opportunity for further reflection and contemplation. The Austrian cultural scientist Heidemarie Uhl has pointed out that this surprising constellation, “the actual Memorial as a tourist attraction and ‘hands-on’ sculpture in public space and the subterranean Information Center as the actual place where remembrance takes place,” strongly contradicts the expectations and intentions that prevailed at the memorial’s inception (Uhl 2008, 2). Other authors have also witnessed an “unexpected reversal”: While the center has become the site of Holocaust remembrance, the field of stelae “expresses the ephemeral and fragile nature of memory as it is experienced in the presence” (Sion 2008, 171).

How do visitors see this? A new study by Marion Klein (2012) investigates how secondary school students perceive the memorial and the information center. This study has shown that at least the majority of German students has already learned quite a bit about the Holocaust in school and is well aware of the “normative expectations regarding appropriate remembrance.” However, this generation in particular tends to regard the expectation to feel grief and empathy as “imposed from the outside” and “put on” (Klein 2012, 35). Eisenman’s abstract memorial leaves more leeway as to how one should react and remember. This is surprising for many. On the one hand, it is liberating and opens up the possibility of finding one’s own individual approach to a difficult subject. On the other, the memorial’s openness bears the risk of being perceived merely as an attractive perhaps even adventurous space in the city center, hence forfeiting its “function as a cultural representation of the Holocaust.” In this sense, the Holocaust Memorial, or rather its being used in this way, represents the forgetting of the Holocaust in today’s society (Klein 2012, 138, 141). However, the interviews Klein conducted among her sample group show that this forgetting is frequently disrupted, for instance by stumbling on the uneven ground in the deepness of the sculpture, which often triggers contemplation quite unexpectedly (151). The students also perceive the center in various ways: Klein’s study indicates that the individual and family histories presented in the exhibition do elicit emotions and sympathy. At the same time, they provide an opportunity for some of the students to find a connection with their own world. Others regard the exhibition merely as a presentation of facts that prescribe how they should think and feel (144). Female students in particular, however, tend to react positively to the personalized portrayal in the center; they regard the focus on individual fates as more “moving” than the abstract memorial (for gender-specific perceptions, see Klein 2012, 354). According to a survey of 824 secondary school students conducted by Christian Saehrendt in 2007, two-thirds of respondents are much more impressed by the information center than by the actual memorial (Saehrendt 2007).

      Not only German adolescents visit the memorial and the information