Automation of Water Resource Recovery Facilities. Water Environment Federation

Typical weir equations

      9.5 Flume flowrates based on size

      9.6 Pitot tube piping requirements

      9.7 Venturi meter upstream piping requirements

      9.8 Level instrument application guidelines

      9.9 Level switch application guidelines

      9.10 Temperature-measurement application guidelines

      9.11 Typical thermocouple materials

      9.12 Accuracy and repeatability of temperature-measurement devices

      9.13 Treatment processes and the range of solids concentrations that are typically observed

      9.14 Typical construction materials for ISBL analyzers

      11.1 An example of how to decide between copper and fiber installations

      11.2 Key differences between the types of cloud systems

      12.1 Human threat-source, motivation, and threat actions

      12.2 Possible ICS vulnerability assessment actions

      12.3 Likelihood definitions

      12.4 Risk-level matrix

      12.5 The ISA-99 series of industrial automation and control systems security standards

      12.6 The NERC-CIP standards

      13.1 Eight “challenges” of situational awareness

      13.2 Alarm management life cycle shows alarm life-cycle stages, as well as the applicable clauses within the standard

      13.3 Alarm performance metric summary

      14.1 Process controller selection criteria

      14.2 Examples of control function blocks

      15.1 Original data with calculated precision and accuracy values

      16.1 Sample training plan for instrumentation technicians

      16.2 Sample skills growth plan

      16.3 Mentoring form

      Preface

      This Manual of Practice presents the elements of a complete automation design and the standards that govern those elements. The primary focus of the manual is to provide information to help designers of automation systems. However, this same information will be useful for utility managers and operators in understanding what information to expect from designers and how to interpret that information.

      Several of the chapters from the 2006 edition of the manual were simply updated to current standards with some additions (e.g., Sensors), while several chapters were significantly shortened (e.g., Process Controllers) where excellent sources of outside materials could be referenced. Other chapters, however, were either added or greatly expanded to reflect technological changes. Chapter 7, Process Control Strategies, represents an update of the 1997 WEF manual titled Automated Process Control Strategies. Chapter 11, Communications and Connectivity, can be considered a tutorial on the topic and presents easy-to-read information about current products and alternatives. Chapter 12, Physical and Cyber Security, presents important topics for the design of any supervisory control and data acquisition system and discusses numerous guidelines from the Department of Homeland Security and others. Chapter 13, Human-Machine Interfaces, presents exciting new concepts in graphical interface design as well as recent International Society of Automation standards for alarming.

      Automation is still a maturing component of the water industry. As such, technology improvements are constantly being developed and new applications are frequently being exploited to great benefit.

      In addition to the WEF Task Force and Technical Practice Committee Control Group members, reviewers include Raman Saravanane, M.E., Ph.D. (Env. Engg), Grant Van Hemert, P.E., and Dave Weber, P.E.

      Authors’ and reviewers’ efforts were supported by the following organizations:

      Arthur Engineering, Inc., Elk Grove, California

      Automation Consulting & Education, Inc., Tampa, Florida

      Black & Veatch, Rancho Cordova, California

      Brinjac Engineering Inc., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

      Brown and Caldwell, Maitland, Florida

      Carollo Engineers, Inc., Littleton, Colorado

      CH2M HILL, Columbus, Ohio, Redding, California, and Toronto, Ontario, Canada

      City of Moberly, Missouri

      City of Roseville, California

      City of Toronto, Ontario, Canada

      Columbia University, New York, New York

      Donohue & Associates, Chesterfield, Missouri, and Sheboygan, Wisconsin

      EB ENVIRONMENTAL, Houston, Texas

      Ekologix Earth Friendly Solutions Inc., Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

      EMA Canada, Inc., Oakville, Ontario, Canada,

      EMA, Inc., Trevose, Pennsylvania, Sacramento, California, and St. Paul, Minnesota

      Endress+Hauser Inc., Greenwood, Indiana

      EnviroSim Associates Ltd, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

      GHD, Bowie, Maryland

      Greeley and Hansen, Chicago, Illinois

      Hach, Loveland, Colorado

      Hazen and Sawyer, New York, New York

      HDR Engineering, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio

      HRSD Nansemond Treatment Plant, Suffolk, VirginiaInflection Point Solutions, LLC, Overland Park, Kansas

      Johnson Controls, Inc., Westerville Ohio

      Lagrange Consulting, Snellville, Georgia

      Macon Water Authority, Macon, Georgia

      Malcolm Pirnie | ARCADIS U.S., Inc., White Plains, New York and Phoenix, Arizona

      modelEAU-Universite Laval, Quebec City, Canada

      Parsons Corporation, Pasadena, California

      Pondicherry Engineering College,