Automation of Water Resource Recovery Facilities. Water Environment Federation

12.1 Basic process for implementing a comprehensive cyber security program

      12.2 Flowchart of the recommended steps for risk mitigation

      12.3 Example network architecture that shows how a typical network can be designed with built-in “defense-in-depth”

      13.1 Situational awareness

      13.2 Panels designed for human interaction

      13.3 Alarm states

      13.4 Issues to consider when determining control panel locations

      13.5 Mobile HMI displays

      13.6 Example of a console configuration with defined operator stations and various-sized displays for HMI monitoring and control. Use of stackable displays should be carefully evaluated

      13.7 Example of a console arrangement in a control and server room layout

      13.8 Overview treatment facility HMI graphic using P&ID display approach

      13.9 Human–machine interface graphic using three-dimensional design approach for a scrubber system showing process and detail displays

      13.10 A partial HMI display hierarchy showing typical tiers of information display at a WRRF

      13.11 Example of a process detail display for a chlorination system using the next generation design method

      13.12 Example of data using a digital (a) vs an analog (b) method of display

      13.13 Example of a moving analog indicator with optional enhancements

      13.14 Example of a trend using roadmap

      13.15 Examples of a profile display and pattern recognition object radar plot

      13.16 Alarm priority distribution graph—best practice vs actual

      13.17 Human–machine interface priority alarming methods

      13.18 Benchmarking the alarm system—alarming rates exceed operator handling capability

      14.1 The scan cycle of a PLC

      14.2 Allen-Bradley ControlLogix Analog Output Module, 1756-OF4

      14.3 Analog input scaling block

      14.4 Fine-screen slide gates—control narrative example

      15.1 Maintenance progression

      15.2 Maintenance work flow diagram

      15.3 Calibration curve for laboratory reference dissolved oxygen probe

      15.4 Graph comparing field and references dissolved oxygen probes

      15.5 Percent recovery control chart for laboratory reference probe

      15.6 Shewhart control chart for aeration basin no. 1 dissolved oxygen probe

      16.1 Dick and Cary Systems Approach Model

      16.2 Viable training development model

      16.3 On-the-job training sample task sheet

      16.4 Sample training module

      16.5 Training module design

      List of Tables

      2.1 Operating costs for a typical WRRF

      2.2 Life expectancies of typical control system devices

      2.3 Calculation of present worth

      3.1 Various design documents and industry standards

      3.2 A sample list of monitored variables

      3.3 A sample description of an alarm control strategy

      3.4 An example of a milestone schedule for a typical control system design for a WRRF

      5.1 Sample equipment operating table

      7.1 Possible steps in a two-pump station

      7.2 Advantages and disadvantages of ANN models

      7.3 Types of ANNs and their application areas

      8.1 National Electrical Manufacturers Association’s codes for enclosures

      8.2 Internal protection digit definition

      8.3 National Electrical Code ratings for enclosures

      8.4 The ATEX classification

      8.5 Typical protocol

      8.6 Standards-setting organizations

      9.1 Typical flow meter characteristics

      9.2 Flow meter applications

      9.3 Effect of flow disturbances on the accuracy of transit time flow meters

      9.4