Emergency Medicine Simulation Workbook. Группа авторов

Patient's medical history:	Paranoid schizophrenia, hypertension, anxiety.
Surgical history:	Hernia repair, tonsillectomy as a child.
Allergies:	haloperidol.
Medications:	Risperidone, trazodone, lorazepam.
Social history:	Previous cigarette smoker, no alcohol or drug use. Patient lives in a group living environment.
Family history:	Non‐contributory.

      Initial Scenario Conditions

      A 50 year‐old man lying on a hospital stretcher is moaning in pain. Patient is occasionally retching into a basin.

Vital signs:	T 98.7°F (37.1°C), P 115, RR 14, BP 110/60, SpO2 99% on room air.
Head:	Atraumatic, normocephalic.
Eyes:	Pupils equal and reactive, extraocular muscles intact.
Ears/nose/mouth:	Dry mucous membranes.
Neck:	Supple, full range of motion, no meningismus.
Heart:	Tachycardic, regular, no murmurs/rubs/gallops.
Lungs:	Clear to auscultation bilaterally, no wheezes/rales/rhonchi.
Abdomen:	Distended, with hyperactive bowel sounds. Tender to palpation in all quadrants, no rebound/guarding/rigidity. Moans with deep palpation.
Extremities:	No edema, cyanosis, or clubbing.
Skin:	Warm and well‐perfused, no rashes.
Neurologic:	Alert and oriented to self, place, and time. No focal deficits. Cranial nerves intact. No nystagmus.
Psychiatric:	Patient very rude and uncooperative, with agitated affect. Denies SI/HI/active hallucinations.

See flow diagram (Figure 1.21) for scenario changes based on learner actions.

      Case Narrative, Continued

      For all learners, the case should begin with obtaining a complete history, and performing a thorough physical exam. The nurse can help the learners to set the patient up on the monitor.

      The learners should order laboratories, imaging studies, and appropriate medications (such as IV fluids, antiemetics, and pain control).

      Throughout the scenario, the patient will be very disagreeable to the plan of care. He will be difficult to obtain history from and will be angry during the examination, “because that hurts me!” He will also initially refuse IV access and will require discussion about why this is necessary. He will then become hostile about the possibility of needing a CT scan because, “Aren't you a doctor? Can't you just figure it out based on what I've told you?” Ultimately he will require multiple efforts at verbal de‐escalation before agreeing.

      After the learner discusses the diagnosis of volvulus and the need for surgical evaluation with the patient, he will become upset and frustrated. He will calm down if the learner takes the time to listen to him and acknowledge his frustrations.

      The trigger for the end of the case will be consultation with surgery for intervention and admission.

      Instructor Notes

      Epidemiology

       Third leading cause of large bowel obstruction worldwide, following cancer and complications of diverticulitis [1].

       Risk factors:Elderly.Individuals with chronic constipation and/or a high fiber diet.Nursing home or long‐term care facility patients [2], including patients with chronic psychiatric disorders and dementia.

      Pathophysiology

       Sigmoid colon becomes stretched, attachments to the abdominal wall loosen, allowing colon to twist.

       Ischemia occurs, which can progress to gangrene and perforation.

      Clinical Features

       Common symptoms:Abdominal pain.Bloating.Constipation/obstipation.Nausea/vomiting (may be feculent).

       Exam findings:Pain on palpation.Abdominal distension.High‐pitched bowel sounds.

      Diagnosis

       Lab tests not diagnostic.

       Imaging:Abdominal radiographs:Distended loops of colon with or without air‐fluid levels“Bent inner tube sign” of distended colon in a U‐shaped pattern and extending from the pelvis toward the right upper quadrant.Paucity of gas in the rectum.Free air under the diaphragm, if perforation has occurred.Abdominal CT:Dilated loops of bowel with evidence of obstruction.“Whirl sign” or twisting of the mesentery.“Bird's beak” sign if rectal contrast has been given.Absence of gas in the rectum.Transition point within the bowel.Late findings that may indicate bowel necrosis or perforation: pneumatosis intestinalis, portal venous gas, loss of bowel wall enhancement.

      Management

       Analgesia.

       Antiemetics.

       IV fluid resuscitation.

       IV antibiotics:Recommended for signs of peritonitis, perforation or sepsis.

       Emergent surgical consultation:Flexible sigmoidoscopy.Recommended initial treatment strategy.Can be both diagnostic and therapeutic unless patients have perforation or significant ischemia.Laparotomy:If detorsion with endoscopy is not able to be performed, may be required.

      Debriefing Plan

      Provide approximately 20–30 minutes for debriefing after this scenario.

      Potential Questions for Discussion

       What are some helpful strategies for dealing with difficult patients or patients