The Skull of Quadruped and Bipedal Vertebrates. Djillali Hadjouis

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       Comparative Anatomy and Posture of Animal and Human Set

      coordinated by

      Djillali Hadjouis

      Volume 2

      The Skull of Quadruped and Bipedal Vertebrates

       Variations, Abnormalities and Joint Pathologies

      Djillali Hadjouis

      First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

      Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

      ISTE Ltd

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       www.iste.co.uk

      John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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       www.wiley.com

      © ISTE Ltd 2021

      The rights of Djillali Hadjouis to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

      Library of Congress Control Number: 2021931631

      British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

      A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

      ISBN 978-1-78630-607-4

      Introduction

       One day I will go to live in Theory, because in Theory everything is successful.

      Pierre Desproges

      (1939–1988, author’s translation)

       If man cannot interpret in the future, and this is one of the hardest tests ofhis destiny, he can try to interpret in the past.

      Albert Gaudry

      (1827–1908, author’s translation)

I.1. A series for the comparative anatomy of Mammals

Over the past 40 years, hundreds of thousands of human and animal vertebrate bones have passed through our hands. Skulls, horn cores, dentures, spines and limb bones, mainly from Plio-Pleistocene and Quaternary Mammals from North Africa, Switzerland and France, have been studied, compared, inventoried and classified. The same is true for human remains, but the interest focused on three chronocultural periods (the Upper Paleolithic, Neolithic and Middle Ages), two geographical regions (the Maghreb and the Paris Basin) with the support of two specialties (paleo-anthropology or bioanthropology and paleopathology), which have become inseparable for me because they are indispensable. The postural analysis that followed on Quaternary Mammals according to an architectural conception was beneficial later, when studies on the craniofacial postural dynamics of the genus Homo took over, according to the same concept but based on a standing posture. The upright position of the human body has changed centers of gravity and the distribution of gravitational forces is no longer balanced as was the case with quadrupeds. Today, arthrosis, arthritis, lower back pain, lumbosacral hinge anomalies and joint malformations are experienced daily by bipeds. It is in this spirit that this work was carried out, taking into account the evolution of the organizational plans of Mammals, their adaptation to the ground, the adequacy of the head posture in relation to different diets, dental articulations according to the fossil species of the genus Homo and the influence of an anomaly or a craniofacial pathology on not only the occlusion, but also on the infracranial regions.

      The book Atlas des maladies et traumatismes du monde médiéval et