The Skull of Quadruped and Bipedal Vertebrates. Djillali Hadjouis

skull (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in left lateral view. The triangle shows a strong basic cranial flexion (© Hadjouis)Figure 7.2. Head and body quadruped posture of the cape hare (Lepus capensis). The postural balance is broken due to an excessive elongation of the hind limbs, and it finds itself more often than not in a sitting rather than standing position. In reality, the animal if not running is sitting, the head is positioned above the withers (© Hadjouis and Le Bihan)

      8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1. Craniofacial and occlusal architectural model of Great Apes (chimpanzee, gorilla and orangutan). The geometric basion-prosthion triangle demonstrates the extension of the craniodental and craniospinal fields with an upper angle that never closes at less than 75° (from Leroi-Gourhan (1983) modified). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zip

      9 Chapter 12Figure 12.1. Longitudinal sections of the base of the skull in the Gorilla, Australopithecus and modern man (after Le Gros Clark (1964)). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zipFigure 12.2. Craniofacial and occlusal structural model of a Neanderthal (according to Leroi-Gourhan (1983) modified). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zipFigure 12.3. Upper Paleolithic female skull from Taza (Algeria) and reconstitution of the cervical spine for vocal tract placement. Note the mesial position of the cervical spine (from Boé and Hadjouis (unpublished)). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zipFigure 12.4. Craniofacial and occlusal structural model of modern man (from Leroi-Gourhan (1983) modified). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zipFigure 12.5. Mandible of Homo atlanticus of Ternifine, seen from above. Note the strong asymmetry of the mandibular ramus. The vertical ramus and the right condylar process of the mandible have a translation followed by an antero-lateral condyle rotation. The right dental row was in a mesial position with respect to the antagonist row (© Hadjouis)

      10 Chapter 14Figure 14.1. Dynamic pattern of spheno-occipital kinetics during growth. The basi-sphenoid rotates clockwise, while the basi-occipital rotates counterclockwise, teleradiographic profile photograph of a child from Chevilly-Larue necropolis (Val-de-Marne) (© Hadjouis, Katz). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zipFigure 14.2. Growth trajectories of the craniofacial puzzle during the development of a class II dysmorphosis (retromandibulia with or without promaxilla) and class III (protrusive mandible with or without retromaxillia) (© Tosello, Hadjouis)Figure 14.3. The structural kinetics of discordant dysmorphoses, destabilizing the maxillo-mandibular complex, but in opposite directions (© Huard, Hadjouis).Figure 14.4. Right lateral view of the skull of a Homo sapiens woman from the Upper Paleolithic of Taza (Algeria) showing a mandibular dislocation (© Hadjouis)

      11 Chapter 16Figure 16.1. Skull in left lateral view from the medieval necropolis of the Saint-Nicolas church in La Queue-en-Brie showing scaphocephaly due to early closure of corono-sagittal sutures (© Allard)Figure 16.2. The different forms of lesions of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis setting up an asymmetry of the base of the skull (rotation lateral flexion, torsion, plagiocephaly, torticollis, syndromes) (from Altiéri (1984) modified). For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/hadjouis/skull.zipFigure 16.3. Two types of sagittal and vertical craniofacial asymmetries encountered in Homo sapiens populations in the Paris Basin and the Maghreb (© Hadjouis and Tosello)Figure 16.4. Skull seen from below of a Homo sapiens from the Upper Paleolithic from Afalou (Algeria) showing significant basic cranial asymmetry with rupture of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis followed by left rotation (right in the photo) from the temporal bone (mastoid apophyses, TMJ, zygomatic arches, malar, maxilla). The result is a torsion of the face (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.5. Child’s skull in facial view from the necropolis of the Saint-Nicolas church in La Queue-en-Brie showing significant facial asymmetry (torsion of the face and tilting of the left hemi-face). Note the presence of a mesiodens, a tiny supernumerary tooth, between the two central incisors (© Barrau)Figure 16.6. Same individual, seen from below. Note that the banana shape of the asymmetry is even more impressive at the base of the skull and the lower parts of the face (© Barrau)Figure 16.7. Facial asymmetry suggestive of peripheral facial paralysis with respect to a strong asymmetry of tartar deposition by salivary flow on the left maxillo-mandibular jugal teeth. Associated with this paralysis are malformations on the right side, in particular the reduction in height of the maxilla and the zygomatic arch, Merovingian necropolis of Saint-Christophe de Créteil (© Allard)Figure 16.8. Base of the skull of the individual with peripheral facial paralysis showing strong asymmetry. Lateral flexion rotation has caused all the left parts to advance, in addition to flattening the hemioccipital (occipital articular surface, mastoid process, TMJ and zygomatic arch). Similarly, note the strong erosion of the articular tuberosity of the temporal bone, a sign of unilateral mandibular dislocation (© Allard)Figure 16.9. Large unilateral calcareous deposit produced by salivary flow following peripheral facial paralysis in a man, Merovingian necropolis of Saint-Christophe de Créteil (© Allard)Figure 16.10. Male skull in facial view from the necropolis of the church of Sainte-Colombe in Chevilly-Larue showing an incisive end-to-end dental bite in response to a class III structural specimen (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.11. Skull of Iberomaurusian child no. 4 from Afalou in right lateral view. The face shows alveolar-dental prognathism on a psalidodental joint. Homo sapiens children were the first to acquire a permanent psalidodental joint, unlike adults. In Neanderthals, children and adults had a permanent labidodental joint (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.12. Child’s skull in right lateral view of the Neolithic of Tin-Hanakaten (Tassili, Algeria) showing a psalidodental joint (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.13. Mandible in profile and face of Homo Sapiens from the Upper Paleolithic from Afalou (Algeria) showing an exaggerated Spee curve due to the strong thrust in height of the teeth of the incisivo-canine block due to the absence of the antagonistic teeth of the maxilla (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.14. Detail view of the extracted upper incisors and the development in height of the lower incisors on a man’s skull from the Upper Paleolithic of Afalou (Algeria) (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.15. Skull of a mechtoid man from Oued Guettara (Algeria) in facial view showing, in addition to extraction of the upper incisors, bilateral para-masticatory wear of the jugal teeth. The oblique wear from inside to outside is due to a para-function linked to a particular activity such as hide tanning (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.16. Right and left mandibular jugal teeth of a mechtoid man from Oued Guettara (Algeria) showing details of para-masticatory wear (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.17. Upper and lower views of a human skull from the medieval necropolis of La Queue-en-Brie, morphotype identical to that of the population of Chennevières-sur-Marne. Note the large width of the temporal walls and the antero-posterior reduction of the skull, due to the hyper-brachycephaly of this specimen and the excessive spheno-occipital flexion (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.18. Lower and upper views of a man’s skull from the medieval and modern necropolis of Chennevières-sur-Marne. Note the great width of the temporal walls and the antero-posterior reduction of the skull, due to the hyper-brachycephaly of this specimen and the excessive spheno-occipital flexion (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.19. Male skull in left lateral view from the necropolis of the church of Sainte-Colombe in Chevilly-Larue showing a psalidodental joint responding to a class II structural specimen (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.20. Male skull in left lateral view from the necropolis of the church of Sainte-Colombe in Chevilly-Larue showing a labidodental dental articulation corresponding to a class III structural specimen (© Hadjouis)Figure 16.21. Teleradiography of a profile of a female skull from the necropolis of the church of Sainte-Colombe in Chevilly-Larue, showing the weakness of the spheno-occipital tilt, the sphenoid angle is open at more than 130°, the angle of the face is closed at 18°, giving a class II structural specimen (© Hadjouis, Katz)Figure 16.22. Teleradiography of a profile of a female skull from the necropolis of the church of Sainte-Colombe in Chevilly-Larue. Despite a sphenoidal angle closed at 119°, an angle of the face open at 19°, the spheno-occipital tilt seems to be out of agreement with a face with a class II occlusion type with clearly an incisive end-to-end dental bite (© Hadjouis, Katz)Figure 16.23. Teleradiography of a profile of a man’s skull from the necropolis of the church of Sainte-Colombe in Chevilly-Larue, showing a strong spheno-occipital flexion, a sphenoidal angle closed at 110°, a face angle open at 20°, the protrusive mandible is evident in this class III structural specimen (© Hadjouis, Katz)Figure 16.24. Facial and right lateral views of a skull of a robust Iberomaurusian man from Afalou