Small-Angle Scattering. Ian W. Hamley

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       Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

      Name: Hamley, Ian W., author.

       Title: Small‐angle scattering : theory, instrumentation, data and

       applications / Ian W. Hamley.

       Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2021. | Includes

       bibliographical references and index.

       Identifiers: LCCN 2020043351 (print) | LCCN 2020043352 (ebook) | ISBN

       9781119768302 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119768333 (adobe pdf) | ISBN

       9781119768340 (epub)

       Subjects: LCSH: Small‐angle scattering.

       Classification: LCC QC482 .H365 2021 (print) | LCC QC482 (ebook) | DDC

       537.5/3–dc23

       LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020043351 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020043352

      Cover Design: Wiley

      Cover Image: GiroScience/Alamy Stock Photo

Preface

      This book aims to provide an up‐to‐date and comprehensive account of small‐angle scattering, both small‐angle x‐ray and small‐angle neutron scattering. It discusses both the underlying theory as well as giving practical information and useful examples. The book aims to complement the handful of existing texts in the field but has a broader coverage, not being restricted solely to biological macromolecules or polymers or soft matter. The text is intended to serve two uses. First, it is a ‘go‐to’ reference text as a source of detailed information and essential references for those already working in the field. Second, it should serve as a useful general introduction to the field for the non‐expert. The writing of this text relies on more than 30 years of experience working across the field on many systems and in numerous types of small‐angle scattering experiment, leading teams using many instruments across most major European facilities, as well as lab instruments.

      I thank the Synchrotron Radiation Source, Daresbury, for hosting me as a visiting fellow in 2004 and Diamond Light Source for the joint appointment (with the University of Reading) 2005–2010. I would like to thank my PhD supervisors (back in the mists of time) at the University of Southampton, Prof. Geoffrey Luckhurst and Prof. John Seddon, for introducing me to the world of small‐angle scattering. I would like to thank many people with whom I have worked at synchrotron and neutron facilities over the years. The following is an incomplete list (sorry for omissions):

At Risø: Jan Skov Pedersen, Kell Mortensen, Martin Vigild, Wim de Jeu (AMOLF, The Netherlands) and Frank Bates (University of Minnesota, USA), and Jan at Aarhus as well and Frank at NIST also. At SRS Daresbury: Anthony Gleeson, Günter Grossmann, Ernie (Bernd) Komanschek, Liz Towns‐Andrews, Chris Martin, Wim Bras, Tony Ryan, Greg Diakun and Nick Terrill, and many members of my group when at the University of Leeds, especially John Pople and Patrick Fairclough and Tim Lodge (University of Minnesota) for SAS‐related collaboration. At ISIS: Steve King, Richard Heenan, Sarah Rogers, Ann Terry, and James Doutch. At LURE: Claudie Bourgaux. At LPS Université Paris‐sud: Marianne Imperor‐Clerc and Patrick Davidson. At ELETTRA: Heinz Amenitsch. At LLB: Laurence Noirez. At MLZ, Munich: Henrich Frielinghaus and at Oak Ridge National Lab: Bill Hamilton and George Wignall. At the ESRF: Olivier Diat, Pierre Panine, Narayan (Theyencheri Narayanan), Kristina Kvashnina, Daniel Hermida‐Merino, Giuseppe Portale, Petra Pernot, Martha Brennich, Mark Tully, Adam Round, Gemma Newby, and Tom Arnold. At DESY: Sergio Funari and Dmitri Svergun. At the ILL: Peter Lindner and Lionel Porcar. At MaxLab: Tomás Plivelic and at PSI‐Swiss Neutron Source: Joachim Kohlbrecher. At ALBA: Marc Malfois and at SOLEIL: Javier Perez. At Diamond: Nick Terrill, Katsuaki Inoue, Nathan Cowieson, Nikul Khunti, Charlotte Edwards-Gayle, and Rob Rambo. I would also like to especially thank Narayanan Theyencheri (Narayan) from the ESRF for a critical reading and valuable comments on the text. As usual, I take responsibility for any remaining errors and omissions. Biggest thanks go to Valeria Castelletto, who has been a team member/leader at many beamtime sessions – and (perhaps more importantly!) we have also shared our lives for the last 20 years, ‘and it doesn't seem a day too long’.

      Ian W. Hamley

      University of Reading, UK, 2020

1 Basic Theory

      1.1 INTRODUCTION

      Small‐angle scattering (SAS) is an important technique in the characterization of the structure and order in nanostructured materials as well as biomolecules and other solutions and suspensions. This book covers both small‐angle x‐ray scattering (SAXS, the subject of Chapter 4) and small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS, discussed in Chapter 5) as well as grazing incidence small‐angle scattering (GISAS, Chapter 6). This book does not discuss small‐angle light scattering (also known as static light scattering, SLS), which is a separate topic. Although there are many similarities in the theory, light scattering is the subject of many specialist texts [1, 2], as well as chapters in texts about general SAS [3, 4]. This book also includes in Chapters 3 and 4 discussion of wide‐angle scattering, especially wide‐angle x‐ray scattering (WAXS), which can be performed along with SAXS in the characterization of certain nanomaterials including polymers and nanoparticle systems with crystal or partially crystalline ordering. Instrumentation for the different types of measurement is discussed in Chapter 3 and data analysis processes are discussed in Chapter 2.

SAS, by the nature of reciprocal