Honey Bee Medicine for the Veterinary Practitioner. Группа авторов

of smoke over the top of the exposed frame...Figure 14.11 Tipping the box to apply smoke.Figure 14.12 If the box is a honey super, remove and place on the upturned l...Figure 14.13 If there is one, remove the queen excluder.Figure 14.14 (a–c) Remove the outer frame first and set it down on end. This...Figure 14.15 Sequentially remove and examine each frame.Figure 14.16 Examining a frame with the sun at your back to best visualize e...Figure 14.17 Pollen and nectar.

      15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 All three antibiotics approved for honey bees can be fed by mixi...Figure 15.2 Example VFD form designed by the author and available on the int...Figure 15.3 Identification of animals treated with antibiotics to avoid resi...Figure 15.4 Example of a Canadian provincial (Ontario) VCPR form.

      16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 A beekeeper performing a routine hive inspection using an electr...

      17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Warning sign.

      18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Bees robbing a hive.Figure 18.2 Monitoring a hive for varroa mites.Figure 18.3 Honey bee foraging alongside a sweat bee on Echinacea flower. Pa...Figure 18.4 Parasite prevalence in bee (a) and on flower (b) genera across t...

      19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Steady honey bee colony numbers in the United States since 1996....Figure 19.2 Self‐reported causes of bee colony losses, by year (www.beeinfor...Figure 19.3 Colonies marked in a commercial apiary for having CCD symptoms....Figure 19.4 Field collection of honey bee samples for laboratory analysis....

      20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 An adult female Varroa destructor perched on an experimentally r...Figure 20.2 An adult mite perched on a toothpick.Figure 20.3 A mite on the author's finger, extending her chemosensory forele...Figure 20.4 The ventral surface of a mite suspended in oil. The large dorsal...Figure 20.5 Most feeding phoretic mites position themselves between the thir...Figure 20.6 A normal sized worker bee for scale next to two stunted pupae fo...Figure 20.7 This bee developed in a terminally mite‐infested colony exhibiti...Figure 20.8 Vertical and horizontal mechanisms of mite transmission between ...Figure 20.9 An experimentally heavily infested colony in a glass‐walled obse...Figure 20.10 “Parasitic Mite Brood Syndrome” in honey bees is characterized ...Figure 20.11 The author's sugar shake sampling kit arranged on the tailgate ...Figure 20.12 A yellow ball of pollen and three red mites floating in dissolv...

      21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Symptomatic deformed wing virus infection of worker honey bees. ...Figure 21.2 Symptomatic larvae and adult bees infected by acute bee paralysi...Figure 21.3 Type 2 symptoms of chronic bee paralysis virus. (a) Typical symp...Figure 21.4 Modes of virus transmission.

      22 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Michigan State University researchers study colonies affected wi...Figure 22.2 A brood frame from a colony infected with EFB exhibiting a typic...Figure 22.3 A frame from a colony with severe EFB disease. Note the multiple...Figure 22.4 Perforated cappings in a colony infected with AFB disease. As th...Figure 22.5 a (left) and Figure 22‐5b (right) Comparison of matchstick test ...

      23 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 (A) Schematic representation of the microsporidia spore. (B) Lig...Figure 23.2 Life cycle of a Nosema spore. Infection begins when a bee ingest...Figure 23.3 Brownish‐yellow fecal spotting on the exterior of a beehive.Figure 23.4 Honey bee Chalkbrood disease. (A) Chalkbrood mummy.(B) Brood...

      24 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 A dissected honey bee showing a blotchy, darkened discolouration...Figure 24.2 Tracheal mites can be visualized within the trachea of a honey b...Figure 24.3 Adult wax moth and cocoons on a frame.Figure 24.4 Wax moth larvae.Figure 24.5 Wax moth cocoons on the top frames of a hive. Note the gouges in...Figure 24.6 A heavy wax moth infestation leads to extensive damage to the fr...Figure 24.7 Small Hive Beetle larvae.Figure 24.8 Adult small hive beetle. Note the club shaped antennae and the s...Figure 24.9 Tropilaelaps mites on a developing bee.Figure 24.10 Vespa mandarinia.Figure 24.11 Ants feeding on a honey bee colony.Figure 24.12 Entrance reducers will decrease the area that the colony needs ...Figure 24.13 Note the increased activity around the hive entrance with bees ...Figure 24.14 A heavy rock is placed on top of the lid to prevent raccoons fr...Figure 24.15 Mice have chewed through the wax frames to make room for a nest...

      25 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 Mock pesticide label with bee guidance in the Environmental Haza...Figure 25.2 Topical application of pesticides to individual honey bees to de...Figure 25.3 Honey bee larvae reared in vitro for pesticide testing.Figure 25.4 Dead bees at the entrance of colonies following a moderate bee‐k...Figure 25.5 Dead bee traps used for quantifying dead bees resulting from a b...Figure 25.6 Dead and dying larvae observed in a colony fed the organophospha...

      26 Chapter 26Figure 26.1 The contents of a cell roping out at least 2 cm indicates a posi...Figure 26.2 Holst Milk Test.Figure 26.3 Remove the contents of a suspect cell with the spatula provided ...Figure 26.4 Place the test material into the solution container from the kit...Figure 26.5 After shaking sample bottle for 20 seconds, use the provided pip...Figure 26.6 The appearance of only the control line (bottom) indicates the t...Figure 26.7 A simple kit for performing alcohol was to assess varroa mite in...Figure 26.8 Quart jar with isopropyl alcohol and approximately 300 bees read...Figure 26.9 After shaking for one minute, pour bees and alcohol through coar...Figure 26.10 Dislodged Varroa mites are visible against a light‐colored wash...Figure 26.11 After counting mites in the wash tub, the alcohol should be pou...Figure 26.12 The strained alcohol is poured over the previously washed bees ...Figure 26.13 After completing a field alcohol wash, bees can be collected in...Figure 26.14 Bees covered in powdered sugar in the sugar roll jar and the su...Figure 26.15 Bee bread samples should be collected from cells using a small ...Figure 26.16 When bees need to be collected kept alive in transit to the lab...Figure 26.17 A popsicle stick can be used to scrape wax from the foundation ...

      27 Chapter 27Figure 27.1 Loss of colonies.Figure 27.2 Four annual bee colony phases.Figure 27.3 Personal protective equipment – bee suit with veil and gloves....Figure 27.4 Dead colony (note remains of cluster top center‐right) showing f...Figure 27.5 An example of a spotty brood pattern.Figure 27.6 Photo of drone cells occupying worker cells.Figure 27.7 Photo of tiny dead spring cluster (smaller than softball in size...Figure 27.8 Bee nest organization in Fall; capped brood central, bee bread s...Figure 27.9 An example of starvation. Dead bees in a tightly packed cluster ...Figure 27.10 American foul brood.Figure 27.11 European foul brood.Figure 27.12 American Foulbrood “ropiness test.”Figure 27.13 Emergency queen cell.Figure 27.14 Large capped supersedure queen cell.Figure 27.15 (a) Bees are robbing the hive on the left. (b) Close‐up of Figu...Figure 27.16 Advanced case of PMBS – spotty capped brood, disorganized brood...

      28 Chapter 28Figure 28.1 Curious cows.Figure 28.2 This colony was particularly defensive, perhaps because of racco...Figure 28.3 Some beekeepers, upon spotting the queen, carefully contain her ...Figure 28.4 This single deep frame will yield about as many bees as arrived ...Figure 28.5 Two beekeepers worked two days relocating this colony, construct...Figure 28.6 Bearding in the late afternoon of a very steamy summer day.Figure 28.7 Bees working sugar blocks on an unusually warm Michigan day. The...Figure 28.8 Various wraps and windbreaks for a midwest winter.Figure 28.9 This infrared camera photo reveals differences in cluster size a...

      29 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 A variety of grafting tools.Figure 29.2 Grafting larvae into queen cups.Figure 29.3 Queen cells on the frame.Figure 29.4 Queens emerge from the end of the cell. Queen cells with a hole ...Figure 29.5 Photograph of an artificially inseminated queen laying an egg su...

      Guide

      1  Cover Page

      2  Honey Bee Medicine for the Veterinary Practitioner

      3  Copyright

      4  Dedication

      5  List of Contributors

      6  Acknowledgments

      7