Honey Bee Medicine for the Veterinary Practitioner. Группа авторов

the Carniolan Bee.Figure 6.3 An example of a Caucasian Queen.Figure 6.4 An Italian bee.Figure 6.5 An Africanized honey bee apiary in Bolivia. Note the stone walled...Figure 6.6 A frame of brood from an Africanized hive. Note the extensive bro...Figure 6.7 Working defensive bees in Bolivia.

      7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Cladogram depicting the phylogenetic relationships between “sphec...Figure 7.2 Structures for pollen transport in different bee species. (a) The...Figure 7.3 Diversity of natural history traits among solitary non‐Apis bee s...

      8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Relationship between pollen availability and colony population dy...Figure 8.2 Age structure of a colony over a year in Manitoba, Canada. Number...Figure 8.3 Growth rates of both package and overwintered colonies, generally...Figure 8.4 Comparison between the weight gain of package bees vs. that of a ...Figure 8.5 The availability of trace elements in the soil varies greatly acr...Figure 8.6 Pollen foragers pack their loads into empty cells near young larv...Figure 8.7 The degree of distension of the bees' abdomens is a quick field s...Figure 8.8 This colony is enjoying a surplus of nectar and pollen, as eviden...Figure 8.9 Wax flakes produced by the eight wax glands on a worker's abdomen...Figure 8.10 The presence of “white wax” indicates to the beekeeper that a st...Figure 8.11 The above is an example of a colony suffering from dysentery, re...Figure 8.12 It requires microscopic examination of a bee's diluted gut conte...Figure 8.13 Honey bees are not native to California, and thus did not evolve...Figure 8.14 Bees collecting sawdust on a sunny morning in January, when ther...Figure 8.15 Almond pollen and nectar both contain bee‐toxic amygdalin, yet n...Figure 8.16 Typical layers of pollen from different returning foragers. The ...Figure 8.17 Beebread exhibiting a range of colors generally guarantees a col...Figure 8.18 Plants of the sunflower family, such as Dandelion, although very...Figure 8.19 The owner of this prune orchard seeded mustard, knowing that bee...Figure 8.20 Although is colony is packed with what looks like pollen, the or...Figure 8.21 The above beebread at 400x magnification. The roundish grains ar...Figure 8.22 Fat bodies in the abdomen of a forager (left) and nurse or winte...Figure 8.23 Nurse bees sharing jelly via trophallaxis. Only colonies with we...Figure 8.24 A queen cell opened to show a second‐instar larva in a queen cel...Figure 8.25 The abdomen of the returning forager at the lower left is disten...Figure 8.26 This colony is said to be “shaking nectar,” meaning it is bringi...Figure 8.27 A typical central brood comb from the center of a brood chamber ...Figure 8.28 The interface above tells you most all you need to know about th...Figure 8.29 Pollen and nectar are initially placed throughout the brood area...Figure 8.30 There are two dynamic interfaces with which one can assess the s...Figure 8.31 Note the unripened shiny nectar surrounding the brood, the abund...Figure 8.32 A colony living hand‐to‐mouth, as indicated by the small amount ...Figure 8.33 A frame of healthy brood with a broad ring of pollen stored on t...Figure 8.34 Decent larval survivorship is indicated by an even‐age grouping ...Figure 8.35 The above would generally be considered to be a “solid brood pat...Figure 8.36 Colonies often build drone cells in the space between the two br...Figure 8.37 This rapidly growing colony was hit by a snowstorm during its sp...Figure 8.38 In the final stages of starvation due to lack of honey, the work...Figure 8.39 Typical “spotty brood” during a pollen dearth after the main hon...Figure 8.40 First‐ and second‐instar larvae “swimmin' in jelly.” Nurse bees ...Figure 8.41 Adequately‐fed larvae. Notice the shimmering reflection of jelly...Figure 8.42 The larvae above are being fed far less than optimally. Note the...Figure 8.43 Another example of adequately‐fed larvae. Although the cells are...Figure 8.44 Nutritional stress. The upper cells contain eggs, the lower two ...Figure 8.45 Emergency feeding of colonies during the spring buildup can make...Figure 8.46 The author's sons feeding chunks of pollen sub in an almond orch...Figure 8.47 Testing a hive for weight in order to assess the adequacy of win...Figure 8.48 Colonies being fed sugar syrup during a nectar dearth.Figure 8.49 Close‐up of supplemental sugar feeding jars on colonies. Note th...Figure 8.50 Commercial pollen substitutes (“pollen subs”) in patty form. Hig...Figure 8.51 Comparison of colony buildup during an extended natural pollen d...Figure 8.52 A strong, hungry colony can easily consume a 3‐lb pollen sub pat...Figure 8.53 Commercial pollen sub fed in paper‐sandwiched patty form. Note t...Figure 8.54 As opposed to feeding paper‐covered preformed patties, many comm...Figure 8.55 Feeding chunks of pollen sub in the rain. The author's sons are ...Figure 8.56 Pollen sub fed outside the hive in dry powder form is eagerly ga...Figure 8.57 The “core” gut bacteria exhibit rather strict niche fidelity wit...

      9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Structure and organization of the honey bee worker gut microbiome...Figure 9.2 The dominant bacteria found in the gut of workers, drones, and qu...Figure 9.3 Factors that can alter the composition of the honey bee gut micro...Figure 9.4 (a) Average bacterial abundance in the gut of honey bees that wer...

      10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Honey Bee Methods of Detoxifying Drugs, Insecticides, and Other ...Figure 10.2 Routes of Exposure by Honey Bees to Drugs, Insecticides, and Oth...Figure 10.3 Honey bees foraging for water on a leaf.

      11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 A modern Langstroth bee hive equipped with medium hive bodies an...Figure 11.2 Bee space incorporated into a hive design allows for bees to mov...Figure 11.3 The bottom board landing provides a space for bees to alight and...Figure 11.4 Solid (left) and screened (right) bottom boards commonly used by...Figure 11.5 Four‐way pallets used by commercial beekeepers incorporate the b...Figure 11.6 Entrance reducer installed on a Langstroth hive.Figure 11.7 Hive bodies in 8 and 10 frame designs are widely used by beekeep...Figure 11.8 Bee hives using two deep hive bodies for the brood chamber (bott...Figure 11.9 Some apiaries may incorporate several approaches to hive body us...Figure 11.10 Removable frames allow for easy management of the hive by divid...Figure 11.11 This hive had a top deep hive body (removed here) that had medi...Figure 11.12 A frame with plastic foundation installed (left) and the format...Figure 11.13 Drone frame broodFigure 11.14 Queen excluder.Figure 11.15 The inner cover allows for proper bee space and ventilation at ...Figure 11.16 Top covers protect hives from the elements and potential robber...Figure 11.17 Hive stands keep hives off the ground to reduce moisture accumu...Figure 11.18 The Flow Hive uses a honey super and proprietary plastic frames...Figure 11.19 Veils that incorporate coveralls provide maximum protection to ...Figure 11.20 Gloves provide protection from stings. The most common styles u...Figure 11.21 The J Hook hive tool incorporates a ledge on the prying end of ...Figure 11.22 A smoker is a tool that uses smoke directed at bees through a b...Figure 11.23 A top feeder is a common way to feed bees sugar syrup during th...Figure 11.24 Supplemental feeding of dry sugar, candy boards, and fondant du...Figure 11.25 Pollen traps allow a beekeeper to manage the amount of pollen e...Figure 11.26 An apiary site should be on flat ground with all tripping hazar...Figure 11.27 An apiary site that is accessible by car or off‐road vehicle wi...

      12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Hobby beekeeper apiary.Figure 12.2 Commercial beekeeper apiary with 32 colonies.Figure 12.3 Blooming monoculture fields of planted sunflowers (a) and canola...Figure 12.4 Commercial beekeeper loading honey bee colonies onto a truck.Figure 12.5 Commercial beekeeper colonies covered with a net to prevent exce...Figure 12.6 Commercial beekeeper holding yard used to store colonies awaitin...Figure 12.7 In locations where bears are known to be present, apiaries may h...Figure 12.8 Entrance to an apiary that requires undoing a knot to open the g...Figure 12.9 If it has recently rained, take caution when entering a location...Figure 12.10 Transporting strapped colonies into a yard with difficult acces...Figure 12.11 Colonies in the floodplain of a nearby river. Access to the loc...Figure 12.12 Colonies placed in almond orchards just before bloom (a), durin...Figure 12.13 Smaller scale beekeepers may use hand‐powered tools to extract ...

      13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Hives placed on stands can keep the colonies out of potentially ...Figure 13.2 When space allows hives can be placed to maximize distance betwe...Figure 13.3 Sometimes the beekeeper is forced to lay out hives in a linear f...Figure 13.4 Painting hives different colors, large geometric shapes on the h...Figure 13.5 Hives enclosed within electric fencing.

      14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 The bee yard on a nice day.Figure 14.2 Lighting a smoker. A variety of fuels can be used as long as the...Figure 14.3 Full bee suit with gloves.Figure 14.4 (a) Standing in front of the hive entrance (not to do). Returnin...Figure 14.5 Observe activity at the entrance, including the pollen loads bei...Figure 14.6 A few puffs of smoke at the entrance will help calm the defensiv...Figure 14.7 Lift the lid and apply a few puffs of smoke.Figure 14.8 A hive tool.Figure 14.9 The top of the hive placed upside down (inside