The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India. Getzel M. Cohen

are identical except for the absence of BOUKEPHALA from the list in the Mu’jam.

      100. See especially the important discussion in Fraser, Cities 47–64; see also Christensen, Iran 50–83.

      101. German translation in Nöldeke, Beiträge 47.

      102. German translation in Nöldeke, Beiträge 42.

      103. Sini Mulûk al-’Ard w’al-Anbîyâ 40, trans. Pourshariati in Indo-Grecs 124 (“Alexandria: Amongst the stories that story-tellers have concocted is that Alexander constructed 12 cities in Iran and called all of them Alexandria. These are said to have included cities in Isfahân, Herât, Marv, Samarqand, Sughd, Babylon and Meysân and four cities in the Sawâd of Iraq. But this news is not trustworthy for Alexander was a destroyer and not a constructor”); on Hamza see also Pourshariati’s article in Indo-Grecs 111–23.

      104. For a French translation of the relevant passages see M. J. de Goeje, Kitâb al-Masâlik wa’l-Mamâlik . . . et Excerpta e Kitâb al-Kharâdj auctore Kodâma ibn Dja’Far, BGA 6 (repr., Leiden, 1967) 206–7. On Qudama see, for example, Fraser, Cities 56 and n. 27. On the date of Qudama’s death see Heck, Islamic Civilization 23–24.

      105. On the Provincial Capitals of Eranshahr see Markwart, Provincial Capitals.

      106. Annales 280 in PG 111:971. See also Fraser, Cities 50–51 and nn. 9–10. On Eutychios see, for example, Griffith, ODB s.v. “Eutychios of Alexandria.”

      107. For a stemma of the western and Oriental traditions of the Romance see Fraser, Cities 207.

      108. See also N. G. L. Hammond, GRBS 39 (1998) 247–48.

      109. See, for example, Cohen, Settlements in Europe 420–23 regarding foundations in Asia Minor that have been attributed to the Macedonian king; contra: Hammond, GRBS 39 (1998) 258–62.

      110. HS 145–46.

      111. Alexander 2:234.

      112. Cities 201, 140, 172, 176, 199.

      113. GRBS 39 (1998) 243–69.

      114. On the problem of identifying the various Alexandreias in the East see, for example, Fraser, Cities; Rapin in Afghanistan ancien carrefour 143–64.

      115. Archaeological excavation has prompted Bernard to suggest that there may have been a Hellenistic settlement at MARAKANDA.

      116. Eratosthenes in Strabo 15.2.9 = Berger, Fragmente IIIB 23, 15.1.10 = Fragmente IIIB 6. See also Plut. Alex. 62; App. Syr. 55; Justin 15.4.

      117. See, for example, J. Filliozat, Epigraphica Indica 34 (1961–1962) 7; P. Bernard, Aï Khanoum 4:85–95 and earlier bibliography in n. 3; id. in Greek Archaeology 94–103; SEG 52:1521; I. Estremo Oriente 291, 292; Euphrat 201; IGIAC 83 and pp. 168–69 for bibliography. On the political relations between the Mauryan dynasty and the Seleucids see, for example, P. H. L. Eggermont, Persica 2 (1965–1966) 56–66.

      118. See, for example, Daffina, L’immigrazione 31–34; Fraser, Afghan Studies 2 (1979) 12 and n. 15; Schober, Untersuchungen 156–83; and earlier bibliography in Bernard, Aï Khanoum 4:86 n. 4.

      119. In general, see Tarn, GBI² 70–128; Narain, The Indo-Greeks; id. in CAH² 8:388–421; Schober, Untersuchungen 155–60; Holt, Thundering Zeus 126–30.

      120. On the chronological question(s) relating to the loss of Parthia and Bactria see, for example, Musti in CAH² 7.1:213–16, 219–20; P. Bernard, Topoi 4 (1994) 477–80; Holt, Thundering Zeus 58–59; and above.

      121. Polyb. 11.39.1–10; see, for example, Schmitt, Antiochos 65–66; Walbank, Comment. 2:312–13; Schober, Untersuchungen 181; Holt, Thundering Zeus 128–30.

      122. See, for example, Dani and Bernard in Civilizations 2:88–97.

      123. Fraser, Cities 42–43; G. Reger, BMCR (1997) 527–28.

      124. Cities 31–33, 240–43.

      125. The scholarship on the Greeks in India is quite extensive. In addition to items cited in the various entries see, for example, Eggermont in Aus dem Osten 74–83; articles in G. Pollett, ed., India and the Ancient World (Leuven, 1987) and in J.-C. Carrière et al., eds., Inde Grèce ancienne (Paris, 1995); Capdetrey, Pouvoir 43–50; Parker, Roman India 11–120; and the literature cited in each.

      126. See above, p. 31 n. 87; and P. H. L. Eggermont, Persica 2 (1965–1966) 56–58.

      I

      ARMENIA

      ARSAMOSATA

      Polybius (8.23[25]) provides our earliest extant evidence for Arsamosata in western Armenia (Sophene). According to him Antiochos III encamped before Armosata (sic), which was located near the “Fair Plain,” between the Euphrates and the Tigris. Polybius also says that Xerxes was the king of the city.¹ This Xerxes is probably the son of Arsames, who may have been the founder of Arsamosata.² Pliny (NH 6.26) said it was one of the important cities of Greater Armenia, and Tacitus (Ann. 15.10) described it as a fortress. Ptolemy (5.13.19) said it was located in the region between the Euphrates and the Tigris. T. A. Sinclair has located Arsamosata at the site of Haraba (now partially covered by the lake created by the Keban Dam).³

      * * * *

      In general see Baumgartner, RE s.v. “Arsamosata”; Tcherikover, HS 82; Walbank, Comment. 2:99; H. E. Hewsen, REArm 16 (1982) 136; Schottky, Media 105, 175–77; id., BNP s.v. “Arsames 4”; Burchard and Treidler, BNP s.v. “Arsamosata.”

      1. For a version of the toponym similar to that found in Polybius see Not. Episcop. 1.950 (Ἀρμουσάτων, ed. Parthey). The (probably more correct) toponymic form Arsamosata is found in Tacitus (Ann. 15.10.3), Pliny (NH 6.26), and Ptolemy (5.13.19). See also Geog. Rav. 2.12.7 (p. 23, “Arsamotasa,” ed. Schnetz) and 2.13.18 (p. 25, “Arsamosatim”).

      2. For Arsames see, for example, Schottky, Media 100–116, 234–35, 242, et passim; and Schmitt, Antiochos 37–38; ARSAMEIA on the Euphrates; and ARSAMEIA on the Nymphaios.

      For Arsames as the possible founder of Arsamosata see, for example, Walbank, Comment. 2:99 (citing Beloch, GG² 4.2:361 and Holleaux, Études 5:321–22; as far as I can see, however, the latter does not make this claim) and Schottky (Media 105–6 and BNP s.v. “Arsames 4”), who suggested that this Arsames also founded ARSAMEIA on the Euphrates and ARSAMEIA on the Nymphaios in Commagene. Cf. M.-L. Chaumont in Arméniens 94 (“Il est permis de supposer que ce nom typiquement perse d’Arsamès [Archama] a été commun à plusieurs membres de la dynastie de Sophène. C’est l’un d’entre eux qui aura été le fondateur de la ville d’Archamachat, l’Arsamosate des auteurs grecs . . . sur l’Arsanias.”).

      3. On the location see Sinclair, Eastern Turkey 3:112–15 (sketch map and plan on pp. 109, 114). Earlier, J. G. C. Anderson (JHS 17 [1897] 25 and map in CAH 10 opposite p. 255) and Le Strange (Caliphate 116 and map opposite p. 87) located Arsamosata at Shamshat/Shimshat. See also Walbank, Comment. 2:99; and Hewsen, REArm 16 (1982) 137.

      ARTAXATA

      According to Strabo (11.14.6) Artaxata was founded by Hannibal for King Artaxias. Strabo adds that the city was also called Artaxiasata and was located on the Araxes River. He describes it as “a beautiful settlement and the royal residence (basileion) of the country. It is situated on a peninsula-like elbow of land and its walls have the river as protection all around them, except at the isthmus, which is enclosed by a trench and a palisade” (trans. Jones). Plutarch (Lucullus 31) gives essentially the same information, namely, that Hannibal suggested to Artaxas (sic) that he build a city, and that the king agreed and thereupon asked Hannibal to oversee the building of the city. Plutarch also mentions that it was the royal residence (basileion) of Tigranes.¹

      * * * *

      In general see James, Dict. Geog. s.v. “Artaxata”; Baumgartner, RE s.v. “Artaxata”; Tcherikover, HS