Smart Grid Telecommunications. Ramon Ferrús

in them for Smart Grid purposes, and both adopt and adapt existing standards to eventually create new ones where appropriate.

      Different efforts have taken place. The reference models and compilations of solutions are useful but lack specific examples on how to use them to provide real solutions. Their value comes from the identification of applicable standards and the process to produce new ones.

      Standards ([45]) are instrumental to achieve interoperability, and within their different scopes, they must allow for the interconnection of standard‐compliant equipment from different manufacturers. Standards have many origins; solutions that end‐up being a standard not always start in standardization bodies. The most extreme case is de‐facto standards that, starting purely in industry, may end as a formal standard solution.

      IEC, ITU, IEEE, ETSI, CEN, CENELEC and ANSI are probably the main standardization bodies that have engaged with Smart Grids.

      IEC's (International Electrotechnical Commission) influence domain is within electrotechnologies (i.e., electrical, electronics, and related technologies) and is probably one of the best options for Smart Grid standards to grow. IEC members are the National Committees (one country, one vote) that appoint delegates and experts to produce consensus‐based standards. The IEC identified hundreds of Smart Grids standards [46].

      ITU (International Telecommunication Union) is the United Nations’ agency specializing in ICT and is organized in three sectors, namely, Radiocommunications (ITU‐R), Standardization (ITU‐T), and Development (ITU‐D). A major role of ITU is on radiocommunications (the World Radiocommunication Conference – WRC – being the major reference point), coordinating spectrum allocation at a worldwide level. ITU‐T created a focus group for Smart Grid activities, now within Study Group 15 [47]. Many relevant Smart Grid‐applicable ITU recommendations will be mentioned throughout the different chapters.

      IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) is a well‐known technical professional organization serving professionals involved in all aspects of the electrical, electronic, and computing fields and related areas of science and technology. IEEE is organized in “societies,” and the ones related to Smart Grid activities are the IEEE Communications Society and the IEEE Power & Energy Society. The IEEE references over 100 standards related to the Smart Grid, and many of them will be mentioned along this book.

      ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) [48] is the European Union (EU) ICT‐related recognized body, that jointly with CEN (Comité Européen de Normalisation, or European Committee for Standardization) [49] and CENELEC (Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique, or European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) [50] are the European Standard Organizations. The ETSI works closely with the National Standards Organizations (NSOs) in the European countries, to an extent that all European Standards (ENs) become national standards of the different European member states. ETSI works very close to the EU institutions, and in the Smart Grid domain, the European Commission issued M/490, M/441 and M/468 mandates to CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI to develop standards for Smart Grids, Smart Metering, and EV charging.

      ANSI (American National Standards Institute) [51] works also very closely with USA institutions, to facilitate the standardization and conformity assessment in the United States, for the better performance of the internal market. ANSI develops accreditation services to assess the competence of organizations certifying products and personnel and provides a framework for American National Standards (ANSs) to be developed out of common agreements. The ANSI label may be used when the organization producing the standard meets ANSI requirements; this is the case with the IEEE.

Last but not least, 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) [52] unites a set of telecommunications standard development organizations (ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TSDSI, TTA, TTC) in a stable environment to produce the so‐called 3GPP technologies' specifications. These specifications cover cellular telecommunications technologies for mobile telecommunications.

      1.6.3 Groups of Interest Within Telecommunications for Smart Grids

      The impossibility of defining one Smart Grid solution that fits all, draws the attention to interest groups and associations that gather utilities and Smart Grid stakeholders. Some relevant ones are NIST, CIGRE, EPRI, and UTC.

      The NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) [53] is a nonregulatory federal agency and one of the USA's oldest physical science laboratories now within the U.S. Department of Commerce. In the Smart Grid domain, the NIST specifically established the Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGIP) to accelerate standards harmonization and advance into the implementation and interoperability of Smart Grid devices and systems. The SGIP evolved in 2013 as a non‐profit private‐public partnership organization, SGIP 2.0, and in 2017 merged with Smart Electric Power Alliance (SEPA).

The CIGRE (Conseil International des Grands Reseaux Electriques, or International Council on Large Electric Systems) is an international non‐profit association whose objective is to promote collaboration with experts from all around the world by sharing knowledge and joining forces to improve electric power systems today and in the future. CIGRE [54] works with experts in Study Committees (SCs) overseen by the Technical Committee. The SC D2 focuses on ICT applied to “digital networks”² from HV to the Distribution grid (smart meters, IoT, big data, EMS, etc.), communication solutions for information exchange in the smart delivery of electric energy [55].

      The EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) [56] is an independent, non‐profit organization, bringing together scientists and engineers and experts from academia and industry. EPRI addresses the challenges in all the aspects of the electricity domain. In the Smart Grid domain, the Intelligrid concept as the architecture for the Smart Grid of the future is one of the best‐known contributions.

      The UTC (Utilities Technology Council) is a global trade association with the purpose of creating a favorable business, regulatory, and technological environment for companies that own, manage, or provide critical telecommunication systems in support of their core business (e.g., utilities including electricity utilities). Although UTC's initial focus was getting radio spectrum allocations for power utilities, it is now focused on ICT solutions together with its members and associated groups (EUTC – Europe – [57], UTCAL – Latin America – [58], etc.) in different world regions.

      1.6.4 Locations to be Served with Telecommunications

      All electric power grid assets potentially need telecommunication services, of one kind or another. Relying only on commercial telecommunication networks to connect these assets spread over a wide extension of territory and sometimes placed in remote (e.g. solar wind farms, transmission power lines) or hard‐to‐reach locations (SSs, meters, street cabinets, fuse boxes, etc.; they tend to be placed underground or inside metallic enclosures) is not feasible in many occasions simply due to coverage limitations, setting aside other considerations related to service control and assurance.

Commercial telecommunication networks are mainly driven by the large consumer market and, even with the universal service obligations [59] established for the telecommunications market, coverage level is dissimilar across the territory and not all citizens get access to the same portfolio and performance of telecommunication services (bandwidth, throughput, latency, etc. are usually better in urban and suburban scenarios than in rural). Coverage obligations when licences conditions are applied usually focus more on people coverage than territory, as may seem logical thinking on revenues. Moreover, even considering satellite‐based solutions offered in the market for the case of areas lacking appropriate terrestrial infrastructures (e.g. rural areas or remote locations), those solutions are not always applicable due to either technical limitations (e.g. lack of “visibility” of the satellite in valleys) or cost considerations (satellite access is currently far more expensive than terrestrial‐based solutions).

      Another aspect that needs to be considered is the feasibility of the service end‐point locations to host the necessary telecommunication equipment. It is not only that a telecommunications device to provide the