Graves' Orbitopathy. Группа авторов

When Should These Other Methods for Assessing Activity Be Used in Routine Clinical Practice?

What Signs Are Helpful for Assessing Severity?

What Value Does the Mnemonic “NOSPECS” Have?

How Are Signs of Severity Assessed?

How Reproducible Are These Assessments?

How Is Severity Best Classified?

How Do You Decide whether a Patient Has Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy?

Can Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy Ever Be Present with Normal Vision?

Are Some Patients at Particular Risk?

What Other Assessments Are Useful in Evaluating Possible Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy?

Should These Tests Be Performed in All Patients at Every Assessment?

Are There Any Other Assessment Systems in Common Use?

References

Orbit-Thyroid Relationship

      Marinò, M. (Pisa)

Should This Condition Always Be Called Graves’ Orbitopathy?

Is Graves’ Orbitopathy Exclusively Occurring in Patients with Graves’ Hyperthyroidism?

Do All Patients with Graves’ Hyperthyroidism Have Graves’ Orbitopathy?

Are There Any Relationships between Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, and Graves’ Orbitopathy?

Is Graves’ Orbitopathy Related to Thyroid Autoimmunity?

Are There Other Extrathyroidal Manifestations of Graves’ Disease apart from Graves’ Orbitopathy?

References

Epidemiology

      Burlacu, M.-C.; Daumerie, C. (Brussels)

What Is the Estimated Incidence and Prevalence of Graves’ Orbitopathy?

Has the Occurrence of Graves’ Orbitopathy Changed over the Last Few Decades?

Is the Age and Sex Distribution of Graves’ Orbitopathy Similar to That of Graves’ Hyperthyroidism?

Are There Ethnic Differences?

What Are the Risk Factors for the Occurrence of Graves’ Orbitopathy?

Can Particular Drugs Trigger or Modify Graves’ Orbitopathy and Its Course?

Is Tobacco Bad for Graves’ Orbitopathy?

Has Nutrition an Effect on Graves’ Orbitopathy?

Does Total Thyroidectomy for Other Diseases than Graves’ Disease Preclude the Development of Graves’ Orbitopathy?

References

Pathogenesis

      Salvi, M. (Milan); Berchner-Pfannschmidt, U. (Essen); Ludgate, M. (Cardiff)

What Are the Pathological Changes in Orbital Tissue in Graves’ Orbitopathy?

How Do the Pathological Changes Give Rise to the Clinical Manifestations?

What Triggers Graves’ Orbitopathy?

Is Graves’ Orbitopathy Triggered by an Autoimmune Phenomenon? If So, What Is the Nature of the Autoantigen?

Why Is the Orbit Special and a Target for Thyroid Autoimmunity?

What Kind of Immune Reactions Take Place within the Orbit?

Does Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Activation and/or Autoreactivity to Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Play a Role in the Onset or Development of Graves’ Orbitopathy?

Is There a Familial Predisposition or a Specific Genetic Background for Graves’ Orbitopathy?

How Do Environmental Factors Increase the Risk and Severity of Graves’ Orbitopathy?

How May These Observations and Current Understanding Lead to More Effective Treatment of Graves’