Handbook of Clinical Gender Medicine. Группа авторов

8 Kalfa N, Philibert P, Sultan C: Is hypospadias a genetic, endocrine or environmental disease, or still an unexplained malformation? Int J Androl 2009;32:187–197.

9 Schnack TH, Zdravcovic S, Myrup C, et al: Familial aggregation of hypospadias: a cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2008;167:251–256.

10 Moreno-Garcia M, Miranda EB: Chromosomal anomalies in cryptorchidism and hypospadias. J Urol 2002;168:2170–2172, discussion 2172.

11 Cox M., Coplen DE, Austin PF: The incidence of disorders of sexual differentiation and chromosomal abnormalities of cryptorchidism and hypospadias stratified by meatal location. J Urol 2008;180:2649–2652, discussion 2652.

12 Forest MG: Pattern of the response of testosterone and its precursors to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation in relation to age in infants and children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1979;49:132–137.

13 Bouvattier C, Carel JC, Lecointre C, et al: Postnatal changes of T, LH, and FSH in 46, XY infants with mutations in the AR gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:29–32.

14 Akre O, Boyd HA, Ahlgren M, et al: Maternal and gestational risk factors for hypospadias. Environ Health Perspect 2008;116:1071–1076.

15 Yucel S, Desouza A, Baskin LS: In utero prednisone exposure affects genital development. J Urol 2004;172:1725–1730, discussion 1730.

16 Kallen B, Castilla EE, Kringelbach M, et al: Parental fertility and infant hypospadias: an international case-control study. Teratology 1991;44:629–634.

17 Lie RT, Lyngstadaas A, Orstavic KH, et al: Birth defects in children conceived by ICSI compared with children conceived by other IVF-methods: a meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2005;34:696–701.

18 Wogelius P, Horvath-Puho E, Pedersen L, et al: Maternal use of oral contraceptives and risk of hypospadias: a population-based case-control study. Eur J Epidemiol 2006;21:777–781.

19 Palmer JR, Wise LA, Robboy SJ, et al: Hypospadias in sons of women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. Epidemiology 2005;16(4): 583-586.

20 Main KM, Skakkebaek NE, Virtanen HE, et al: Genital anomalies in boys and the environment. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;24:279–289.

21 Sharpe RM, Skakkebaek NE: Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract? Lancet 1993;341:1392–1395.

22 Weidner IS, Moller H, Jensen TK, et al: Risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias. J Urol 1999;161:1606–1609.

23 Lee PA, et al: Micropenis. 1. Criteria, etiologies and classification. Johns Hopkins Med J 1980;146:156–163.

24 Bin-Abbas B, Conte FA, Grumbach MM, Kaplan SL.: Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and micropenis: effect of testosterone treatment on adult penile size why sex reversal is not indicated. J Pediatr 1999;134:579–583.

      25 Meyer-Bahlburg HF: Gender identity outcome in female-raised 46, XY persons with penile agenesis, cloacal exstrophy of the bladder, or penile ablation. Arch Sex Behav 2005;34:423–438.

26 Reiner WG, Kropp BP: A 7-year experience of genetic males with severe phallic inadequacy assigned female. J Urol 2004;172:2395–2398, discussion 2398.

27 Reilly JM, Woodhouse CR: Small penis and the male sexual role. J Urol 1989;142:569–571, discussion 572.

28 Hughes IA, Houk C, Ahmed SF, et al: Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders. J Pediatr Urol 2006;2:148–162.

29 Cheikhelard A, Gapani C, Catti M, et al: Potential determinant factors of sexual identity in ambiguous genitalia. J Pediatr Urol 2005;1:383–388.

30 Gorduza DB, et al: Does androgen stimulation prior to hypospadias surgery increase the rate of healing complications? A preliminary report. J Pediatr Urol 2011;7:158–161.

31 Lumen N, Monstrey S, Selvaggi G, Ceulemans P, De Cuypere G, Van Laecke E, Hoebeke P: Phalloplasty: a valuable treatment for males with penile insufficiency. Urology 2008;71:272–276, discussion 276-277.

32 Joseph DB: Gonadal tumors in disorder of sex development. Dialogues Pediatr Urol 2008, pp 7–9.

33 Mazur T: Gender dysphoria and gender change in androgen insensitivity or micropenis. Arch Sex Behav 2005;34:411–421.

34 Husmann DA: The androgen insensitive micropenis: long-term follow-up into adulthood. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2004;17:1037–1041.

      Justine M. Schober, MD, FAAP

      Department of Urology, UPMC Hamot

      333 State Street, Suite 201

      Erie, PA 16507 (USA)

       Tel. [phone], E-Mail [email protected]

Central Nervous System and Clinical Applications

      Section Editor

      Donald W. Pfaff, PhD

      Department of Neurobiology and Behavior

      The Rockefeller University

      New York, N.Y., USA

      Central Nervous System and Clinical Applications

      Schenck-Gustafsson K, DeCola PR, Pfaff DW, Pisetsky DS (eds): Handbook of Clinical Gender Medicine.

       Basel, Karger, 2012, pp 70–81

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