Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook. A. Kayode Coker

mounting (used by permi...Figure 17.52 Single impeller centrifugal blower (used by permission: Elliot® Com...Figure 17.53 Results of internal chlorine gas fire and extensive corrosion in ce...Figure 17.54A Multistage centrifugal compressor uncooled diaphragms for horizont...Figure 17.54B Diaphragms (used by permission: Bul. PROM 526/15/95, © S.pA. Nuovo...Figure 17.55A Water-cooled diaphragm (used by permission: Dresser-Rand Company).Figure 17.55B Single stage centrifugal compressor with variable inlet vanes, dia...Figure 17.56 Labyrinth seals (used by permission: Dresser-Rand Company).Figure 17.57A Impeller with milled vanes on solid disc forging (used by permissi...Figure 17.57B A special design riveted wheel, used only on small wheels where we...Figure 17.57C Cutaway of riveted wheel. Blades are riveted to hub disc, and the ...Figure 17.57D Part 1. View toward inlet of 4½ in. diameter brazed aluminum impel...Figure 17.57D Part 2. Close-up welding of section of welded impeller (used by pe...Figure 17.57E Radial impeller for single stage compressor (used by permission: A...Figure 17.57F Open radial blade impeller, Type “R” (used by permission: Bul. “Ce...Figure 17.57G Open impeller with backward-leaning blades, Type “SR” (used by per...Figure 17.57H Advanced datum impeller design reduces operating stresses and impr...Figure 17.57I Part 1. Impeller geometry versus flow y, dimensionless to define t...Figure 17.57I Part 2. The graph shows the influence of the flow coefficient, Φ o...Figure 17.57 Part 3. Stage performance of a compressor is usually represented in...Figure 17.58 Gas flow through inlet guide vanes; power wheel shows a head of fir...Figure 17.59A Inlet prerotation vanes (used by permission: York International).Figure 17.59B Single stage blower with automatically controlled inlet vanes (use...Figure 17.60A Kingsbury-type thrust bearing (used by permission: Elliot® Company...Figure 17.60B Kingsbury-type thrust bearing for centrifugal compressor (used by ...Figure 17.61A Centrifugal compressor auxiliaries–forced feed lubrication system ...Figure 17.61B A forced feed lube system ensures that journal and thrust bearings...Figure 17.61C The seal of oil system filtered oil to the liquid film rings or to...Figure 17.61D A photograph of a turbine for the crude distillation unit.Figure 17.62A Multistage centrifugal compressor shaft seal arrangements (used by...Figure 17.62B Shaft seal options (used by permission: Bul. 2781005301, © 1988. A...Figure 17.63 (A) Straight-pass labyrinth seal; (B) staggered labyrinth seal; (C)...Figure 17.64 Packing box arrangement.Figure 17.65 Mechanical wet contact type seal (used by permission: Elliot® Compa...Figure 17.66 Liquid film seal (used by permission: Elliot® Company).Figure 17.67 Estimates of process gas seal leakage using nitrogen as sealing gas...Figure 17.68 Centrifugal compressor specifications.Figure 17.69 Generalized centrifugal compressor pressure–capacity chart for vert...Figure 17.70 Performance ranges for special high-speed/high pressure, single-sta...Figure 17.71 Compressor in a centrifugal machine.Figure 17.72 Manufacturer’s typical centrifugal compressor characteristic curve.Figure 17.72A Typical performance map of centrifugal compressor (used by permiss...Figure 17.72B Performance examination of one set of centrifugal compressor condi...Figure 17.72C Performance examination of a second set of centrifugal compressor ...Figure 17.72D Centrifugal compressor surge control schematic diagram shows instr...Figure 17.72E Control system monitors discharge pressure and flow to prevent sur...Figure 17.73 Representative centrifugal compressor performance with inlet guide ...Figure 17.74 Ratio of specific heats (n − 1)/n (used by permission: Dresser-Rand...Figure 17.75 Specific volume chart (used by permission: © Elliot Co.).Figure 17.76 Relationship between adiabatic and polytropic efficiencies (used by...Figure 17.76A Polytropic to adiabatic efficiency conversion (used by permission:...Figure 17.77 Comparative efficiencies of a 1550 bhp centrifugal compressor based...Figure 17.78 Approximate head selection (used by permission: Elliot® Co.).Figure 17.79 Brake horsepower per million ft³ per day for compressors as a funct...Figure 17.80 Correction factor for compressor bhp/million ft³ per day at 14.7 ps...Figure 17.81 Entropy–temperature diagrams help to solve compression work problem...Figure 17.81A Basic concepts for solutions using the Mollier diagram of a specif...Figure 17.81B Typical mechanical losses for seals on shafts of centrifugal compr...Figure 17.82 Polytropic compressor discharge temperature (used by permission: El...Figure 17.83 Sonic velocity of common gases (used by permission: Koenig, C. F.II...Figure 17.84 Centrifugal compressor size versus capacity (used by permission: Dr...Figure 17.85 Compression ratio versus number of impellers; uncooled compression ...Figure 17.86 Peripheral velocity or impeller tip speed versus head per impeller ...Figure 17.87 Uncooled compressor relationship between adiabatic efficiency and p...Figure 17.88 Reciprocating compressor efficiencies.Figure 17.89 The Simulation Basis Manager window of UniSim Design R451 (courtesy...Figure 17.90 Component List View Component List-1 of UniSim Design R451 (courtes...Figure 17.91 Fluid Package of UniSim Design R451 (courtesy, Honeywell Process So...Figure 17.92 Composition tab of Worksheet window of UniSim Design R451 (courtesy...Figure 17.93 Connection tab of Compressor of UniSim Design R451 (courtesy, Honey...Figure 17.94 Parameter tab of Design of Compressor of UniSim Design R451 (courte...Figure 17.95 Conditions page of Worksheet tab of Design of Compressor of UniSim ...Figure 17.96 Worksheet tab of UniSim Design R451 (courtesy, Honeywell Process So...Figure 17.97 PFD of UniSim Design R451 (Honeywell® and UniSim® are registered tr...Figure 17.98 Schematic flow diagram of a two-phase compression process.Figure 17.99 Worksheet window of the adiabatic flash vessel showing fraction of ...Figure 17.100 Worksheet window of the pump P.101 showing pump power of 7274 kJ/h...Figure 17.101 Worksheet window of the compressor C1 showing compressor power of ...Figure 17.102 Worksheet window of the Cooler E-1 showing the duty of 3.079 × 10⁵...Figure 17.103 Process flow diagram of the two-phase compression simulation (cour...Figure 17.104 Stream information in the compressor connection of the Design page...Figure 17.105 Specifying compressor adiabatic efficiency in the connection of th...Figure 17.106 Calculated results in the Worksheet page of the simulated compress...Figure 17.107 Process flow diagram of Example 17.14 (courtesy, Honeywell Process...Figure 17.108 Process flow diagram of the two-stage compression of natural gas.Figure 17.109 Screen shot of the Connection Tab of Recycle RCY-1 (courtesy, Hone...Figure 17.110 Screen shot of the Parameters Tab in the Connection page (courtesy...Figure 17.111 Screen shot of The Numerical Page containing the numerical options...Figure 17.112 Screen shot of the Monitor page (courtesy, Honeywell Process Solut...Figure 17.113 Process flow diagram of the two-stage compression of natural gas (...Figure 17.114 Compressor performance curve, head reduction (source: Scott Golden...Figure 17.115 Compressor and connected system.Figure 17.116 Suction pressure vs. wet gas production (source: Scott Golden, et ...Figure 17.117 Suction temperature vs. wet gas production (source: Scott Golden, ...Figure 17.118 Basic horsepower for a machine with intake of 14.5 psia, with “k” ...Figure 17.119 “k” value correction factor (used by permission: Cole, S. L., Oil ...Figure 17.120 Basic head for machine with “k” value for air (1.396), molecular w...Figure 17.121 Temperature rise multiplier (used by permission: Cole, S. L., Oil ...Figure 17.122 Compressor speed in rpm (used by permission: Cole, S. L., Oil and ...Figure 17.123 Effect of changing inlet conditions on performance curves. Fixed o...Figure 17.124 Relative effects of inlet temperature change on head and horsepowe...Figure 17.125 Relative effects of inlet gas specific gravity change on head and ...Figure 17.126 Effect of gas system flow resistance on comparative performance in...Figure 17.127 System operation of variable speed centrifugal compressor.Figure 17.128 Typical effects of capacity control on horsepower for centrifugal ...Figure 17.129 Changing characteristics with variable speed.Figure 17.130 Simplified multilevel refrigeration process; an example of three d...Figure 17.131 Effects of 2% and 5% “Head Rise To Surge” (HRTS) (used by permissi...Figure 17.132 Effects on inlet pressure for HRTS variations (constant speed driv...Figure 17.133 Comparison of the energy potential of turboexpanders versus thrott...Figure 17.134 Section of ethane, pressure-enthalpy diagram illustrating five exp...Figure 17.135 Typical geared-turbine-driven axial flow compressor unit (used by ...Figure 17.136 Cross section of typical nine-stage axial flow compressor (used by...Figure 17.137 Axial compressor Type AV 100-16, during erection. Note stationary ...Figure 17.138 Stator blade control mechanism on four-stage axial compressor (use...Figure 17.139 Axial rotor assembly (used by permission: A. C. Compressor Corpora...Figure 17.140 Performance of axial compressor at various speeds (used by permiss...Figure 17.141 Stable volume range extended by stator blade control (used by perm...Figure 17.142 Pressure – capacity characteristic compression of an axial compres...Figure 17.143 General axial flow compressor performance for typical 100 psia air...Figure 17.144 Speed comparison between axial and centrifugal compressor (used by...Figure 17.145A Functional operational schematic of Nash liquid ring compressor (...Figure 17.145B A partly disassembled Nash liquid ring compressor view shows the ...Figure