Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook. A. Kayode Coker

17.11 Ideal pressure–volume cylinder action for single acting compressor ...Figure 17.12 Reciprocating compressor compression diagrams. Actual losses and ef...Figure 17.12A Illustration of isentropic path on log pressure-enthalpy diagram, ...Figure 17.12B Section of ethane pressure-enthalpy diagram illustrating five comp...Figure 17.13A Enthalpy-entropy chart for natural gas, Sp.Gr. = 0.6 (used by perm...Figure l7.13B Enthalpy-entropy chart for natural gas, Sp.Gr. = 0.7 (used by perm...Figure l7.13C Enthalpy-entropy chart for natural gas, Sp.Gr. = 0.8 (used by perm...Figure l7.13D Enthalpy-entropy chart for natural gas, Sp.Gr. = 0.8 (used by perm...Figure 17.14A Compressibility factor for gases, Part 1 of 5 (used by permission:...Figure 17.14B Compressibility factor for gases, Part 2 of 5 (used by permission:...Figure 17.14C Compressibility factor for gases, Part 3 of 5 (used by permission:...Figure 17.14D Compressibility factor for gases, Part 4 of 5 (used by permission:...Figure 17.14E Compressibility factor for gases, Part 5 of 5 (used by permission:...Figure 17.14F Compressibility factor for air (used by permission: From 3519 D (1...Figure 17.14G Compressibility chart for ammonia (used by permission: From 3519 D...Figure 17.14H Compressibility chart for chlorine (used by permission: From 3519 ...Figure 17.14I Compressibility chart for nitrogen (used by permission: From 3519 ...Figure 17.14J Compressibility chart for low pressure carbon dioxide (used by per...Figure 17.14K Compressibility chart for high pressure carbon dioxide (used by pe...Figure 17.14L Compressibility chart for methane (used by permission: From 3519 D...Figure 17.14M Compressibility chart for low pressure ethylene (used by permissio...Figure 17.14N Compressibility chart for high pressure ethylene. Note: special ch...Figure 17.14O Compressibility chart for low pressure ethane (used by permission ...Figure 17.14P Compressibility chart for high pressure ethane (used by permission...Figure 17.14Q Compressibility chart for propylene (used by permission from 3519D...Figure 17.14R Compressibility chart for low pressure propane (used by permission...Figure 17.14S Compressibility chart for high pressure propane (used by permissio...Figure 17.14T Compressibility chart for low pressure N-butane (used by permissio...Figure 17.14U Compressibility chart for high pressure N-butane (used by permissi...Figure 17.14V Compressibility chart for low pressure iso-butane (used by permiss...Figure 17.14W Compressibility chart for high pressure iso-butane (used by permis...Figure 17.15 Compressibility factor for natural gas (used by permission: G.G. Ob...Figure 17.16A–C Deviations from the ideal gas law.Figure 17.16D Typical compressor aliments and how they look on P-T diagrams (use...Figure 17.17A Combined indicator cards from a two-stage compressor showing how c...Figure 17.17B Effects of clearance volume on performance efficiency of reciproca...Figure 17.18A Compressor volumetric efficiency curve for gas with k or n of 1.15...Figure 17.18B Compressor volumetric efficiency curve for gas with k or n of 1.20...Figure 17.18C Compressor volumetric efficiency curve for gas with k or n of 1.25...Figure 17.18D Compressor volumetric efficiency curve for gas with k or n of 1.30...Figure 17.18E Compressor volumetric efficiency curve for gas with k or n of 1.35...Figure 17.18F Compressor volumetric efficiency curve for gas with k or n of 1.40...Figure 17.19 Loss factor curve (used by permission: Cooper-Cameron Corporation).Figure 17.20 Chart for solving theoretical work of compression or expansion (use...Figure 17.21A Brake horsepower required to deliver 1 million ft³ of gas per day,...Figure 17.21B Brake horsepower required to deliver 1 million ft³ of gas per day,...Figure 17.21C Brake horsepower required to deliver 1 million ft3 of gas per day,...Figure 17.22 Compression temperature rise (used by permission: Rice, W. T., Chem...Figure 17.23 Barometric and atmospheric pressure at altitudes.Figure 17.24 Conventional Trickle Bed Process Flow Diagram.Figure 17.25 Iso Therming process flow diagram.Figure 17.26 Horizontal configuration of recycle pump [170].Figure 17.27 Liquid flow path in IsoTherming ® Recycle pump [170].Figure 17.28 Photograph: Top view of IsoTherming ® Recycle pump [170].Figure 17.29 A photograph of IsoTherming recycle pump [170].Figure 17.30 Feed sulfur content data during commercial operation of the IsoTher...Figure 17.31 Chemical hydrogen consumption data during commercial operation of t...Figure 17.32 IsoTherming® 3-D layout plot [170].Figure 17.33 A photograph of IsoTherming® hydroprocessing unit [170].Figure 17.34A UniSim Design Desktop (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® a...Figure 17.34B (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34C (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34D (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34E (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34F (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34G (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34H (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34I (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34J (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34K (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34L (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34M (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34N (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34O (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34P (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34Q (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34R (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34S (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34T (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34U (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34V (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34W (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34X (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34Y (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34Z (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are registe...Figure 17.34Z1 (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are regist...Figure 17.34Z2 (source: UniSim Design® R460.1. Honeywell® and UniSim® are regist...Figure 17.35A Mollier chart for properties of ammonia (used by permission: Dept....Figure 17.35B Mollier diagram of the properties of ammonia. Note the different c...Figure 17.35C Mollier diagram of the properties of methane (used by permission. ...Figure 17.35D Mollier diagram of the properties of ethane (used by permission. E...Figure 17.35E Mollier diagram of the properties of ethylene. Note: ethylene char...Figure 17.35F Mollier diagram of the properties of propylene (used by permission...Figure 17.35G Mollier diagram of the properties of propane (used by permission. ...Figure 17.35H Mollier diagram of the properties of iso-butane (used by permissio...Figure 17.36 Combined compression and mechanical efficiency of reciprocating com...Figure 17.37 Horsepower characteristic curves for constant discharge pressure, k...Figure 17.38 Horsepower characteristic curves for constant suction pressure, k =...Figure 17.39 Automatic cylinder unloading (used by permission: Worthington Bul. ...Figure 17.40A Five-step clearance pocket control for compressor unloading (used ...Figure 17.40B Five-step control for compressor unloading (used by permission: Wo...Figure 17.41A Fixed volume clearance pockets (used by permission: Worthington Bu...Figure 17.41B Variable volume clearance pockets (used by permission: Worthington...Figure 17.42A Pneumatically operated clearance bottle (used by permission: Bul. ...Figure 17.43 Compressor cylinder performance curve for unloading conditions.Figure 17.44A Single-stage horizontal compressor (used by permission: Dresser-Ra...Figure 17.44B Two-stage angle-type vertical compressor (used by permission: Dres...Figure 17.44C Two-stage horizontal duplex compressor (used by permission: Dresse...Figure 17.45 Typical air compressor performance, single and two-stage (adapted a...Figure 17.46 Air properties compression chart (used by permission: Rice, W. T., ...Figure 17.47 Benefits of interstage cooling for air compression system (used by ...Figure 17.48 Work associated with three types of air compression (used by permis...Figure 17.49 Moisture as precipitated by aftercoolers (used by permission: Bul. ...Figure 17.50A Internal construction features of multistage centrifugal compresso...Figure 17.50B Construction features of multistage centrifugal compressor (used b...Figure 17.50C Single-stage gas compressor with integrally geared drive shaft (us...Figure 17.50D Oil-free air compressor with two impellers, Elliot Company. “Plant...Figure 17.51A Centrifugal compressor case types. These usually apply to multista...Figure 17.51B Flow path arrangements: Compound flow (used by permission: Bul. 42...Figure 17.51C Flow path arrangements: Sidestream flow (used by permission: Bul. ...Figure 17.51D Flow path arrangements: Back-to-Back flow (used by permission: Bul...Figure