permission, Centrifugal P...Figure 16.27b Static head, overall = H – S (adapted by permission, Centrifugal P...Figure 16.27c Pressure head (adapted by permission, Centrifugal Pumps Fundamenta...Figure 16.27d Pressure head, positive suction (adapted by permission, Centrifuga...Figure 16.27e Pressure head with negative suction (adapted by permission, Centri...Figure 16.27f Pumping arrangement for Example 5-2 (adapted by permission, Centri...Figure 16.28 Typical suction systems (adapted by permission, Carter, R. and Kara...Figure 16.29 Typical discharge systems.Figure 16.30 Static pressure losses occur as the fluid travels into the pump suc...Figure 16.31 NPSH
A equals 20 ft [27].Figure 16.32 NPSH
R increases with flow [27].Figure 16.33 Subcooling increases NPSH
A [27].Figure 16.34 (a) Cavitation damage has occurred on an impeller and (b) erosion–c...Figure 16.35 Liquid vortex in vessel and suggested design of vortex breaker.Figure 16.36 NPSH
A and NPSH
R vs. capacity in a pumping system [37].Figure 16.37 Effect of insufficient NPSH on the performance of a centrifugal pum...Figure 16.38 Effect of throttling the discharge valve on the operating point of ...Figure 16.39 Surface condenser condensate removal. Closed system steam surface c...Figure 16.40 High altitude process vacuum system, NPSH requirements.Figure 16.41 NPSH reductions for pumps handling hydrocarbon liquids and high tem...Figure 16.42 Head, NPSH
R vs. flow rate [25].Figure 16.43 Net positive suction head for high pressure centrifugal hot-water p...Figure 16.44 Temperature correction chart for net positive suction head requirem...Figure 16.45 Impeller designs and corresponding specific speed range (by permiss...Figure 16.46 Upper limits of specific speeds for single suction overhung impelle...Figure 16.47 Upper limits of specific speeds for single suction, mixed, and axia...Figure 16.48 Typical centrifugal pump characteristic curve with auxiliary specif...Figure 16.49 System head curves for single pump installation.Figure 16.50 System head curves for variable static head.Figure 16.51 System head using two different pipe sizes in same line.Figure 16.52 System head for branch piping with different static lifts.Figure 16.53 Relation of speed change to pump characteristics.Figure 16.54 Piping and equipment layout for the suction and discharge lines to ...Figure 16.55 Pump sizing calculation of Example 16.20.Figure 16.56 Pump sizing calculation (metric units) for reflux LPG centrifugal p...Figure 16.57 Pump efficiency calculation at varying flow rate for a 6-in. impell...Figure 16.58 Pump efficiency calculation at varying flow rate for an 8-in. impel...Figure 16.59a Viscosity performance correction chart for centrifugal pumps...Figure 16.59b Viscosity correction chart (source: Hydraulic Institute, USA).Figure 16.59c Performance correction chart (source: The Hydraulic Institute, USA...Figure 16.60 Viscosity performance correction chart for small centrifugal pumps ...Figure 16.61 Typical curves showing the effect on a pump designed for water when...Figure 16.62 Sample performance curve.Figure 16.63 Typical temperature rise for boiler feed water pump (by permission ...Figure 16.64 Temperature rise in centrifugal pumps in terms of total head and pu...Figure 16.65a Centrifugal pump specification.Figure 16.65b Centrifugal pump calculation sheet.Figure 16.66 Sump design. Note: S = (1.5 – 2)Bd.Figure 16.67 Acceptable sump arrangement for multiple pumps.Figure 16.68 Rotary pumps (by permission from Dolman, R. E., Chem. Eng., Mar. 19...Figure 16.69a Diaphragm metering pump, “Pulsa” series. One of several styles/typ...Figure 16.69b Typical rotary gear pump (by permission from Viking Pump, Inc., Un...Figure 16.69c Sliding vane rotary pump (by permission from Blackmer Pump, Dover ...Figure 16.70 General service duplex steam-driven piston pump (courtesy of Worthi...Figure 16.71 Duplex double-acting plunger pump, power driven (courtesy of Worthi...Figure 16.72 Reciprocating pump discharge flow pattern (courtesy of the Aldrich ...Figure 16.73 Horizontal direct-acting steam pump or power pump.Figure 16.74 A conceptual diagram of P-100 with the variables.Figure 16.75 PFD of a centrifugal pump (UniSim Design R443, Honeywell
® and UniSi...Figure 16.76 Head vs. flow rate of a centrifugal pump (UniSim Design R443, Honey...Figure 16.77 Efficiency vs. flow rate of a centrifugal pump (UniSim Design R443,...Figure 16.78 PFD of a centrifugal pump (UniSim Design R443, Honeywell
® and UniSi...Figure 16.79 Simulation results of centrifugal pump P-100 (UniSim Design R443, H...Figure 16.80 Simulation results of centrifugal pump P-100 (Continued) (UniSim De...Figure 16.81 Simulation results of centrifugal pump P-100 (Continued) (UniSim De...Figure 16.82 Process flow diagram of the piping network from the supply tank via...Figure 16.83 Isometric diagram of the piping network from the supply tank via N-...Figure 16.84 Centrifugal pump characteristics (source: Pump-FLO
TM, Engineered So...Figure 16.85 Pump data sheet of N-S centrifugal pump (source: Pump-FLO
TM, Engine...Figure 16.86 Partly plugged drawoff nozzle [27].Figure 16.87 Most common cause of cavitation [27].Figure 16.88 Main column bottom system [34].Figure 16.89 Main column bottom pump level [34].Figure 16.90 Main column bottom quench system [34].Figure 16.91 Pressure survey of the pump suction line [44].Figure 16.92 Pressure survey of the pump suction line across strainer [44].Figure 16.93 Column outlet piping scheme and pressure survey.Figure 16.94 Original and modified strainer.Figure 16.95 Suction valve and position indicator as found after the incident (s...Figure 16.96 Depressurizing hose (source: www.csb.gov).Figure 16.97 Damage to area of the pump (source: www.csb.gov).Figure 16.98 Plugging material found in discharge valve (source: www.csb.gov).Figure 16.99 Spare pump valve wrench collar (source: www.csb.gov).Figure 16.100 Plug valve in the open position (source: www.csb.gov).Figure 16.101 Suction valve and position indicator (source: www.csb.gov).Figure 16.102 Typical root causes of pump failures and resulting impacts [40].
4 Chapter 17Figure 17.1A General areas of compressing equipment application (source: De Jard...Figure 17.1B Approximate ranges of application for usual process reciprocating c...Figure 17.1C Typical application ranges for turbocompressor capabilities extend ...Figure 17.1D Basic compressor types (used by permission: Coker, A. K. Hydrocarbo...Figure 17.1E Types of compressors.Figure 17.2A Sectional assembly. Worthington single stage, belt-driven air compr...Figure 17.2B Cutaway view of typical high pressure gas cylinder showing double-d...Figure 17.2C Dry vacuum pump cylinder for very low absolute suction pressures. V...Figure 17.2D Standard air compressor cylinder for 125 psig discharge pressure. S...Figure 17.2E A 250 psig working pressure cylinder used in refrigeration service....Figure 17.2F Typical linear-type cast iron cylinder.Figure 17.2G Typical non-lubricated recycle cylinder.Figure 17.2H Double-acting cast steel cylinder to 3500 psi pressure (used by per...Figure 17.2I Double-acting cast Meehanite or ductile iron cylinder to 1250 psi p...Figure 17.2J Double-acting Meehanite metal or ductile iron cylinder to 1000 psi ...Figure 17.2K Forged steel single-acting for 6000 psi pressure (used by permissio...Figure 17.2L Typical forged steel cylinder with tail-rod.Figure 17.2M For low compression ratios, designed for 1000 psi discharge pressur...Figure 17.2N Designed for working pressure up to 6500 psi. A similar design cyli...Figure 17.2O Fourth and fifth-stage cylinder assembly of 3500 psi pressure hydro...Figure 17.2P Fifth and sixth-stage cylinder assembly of 15,000 psi gas compresso...Figure 17.2Q Cast or nodular iron cylinders for pressures to 1500 psi. Note doub...Figure 17.2Q (a) Long, single compartment distance piece (sufficient length for ...Figure 17.2R Fabricated carbon or stainless-steel cylinders for special applicat...Figure 17.2S Forged steel cylinder with tail-rod design (right) for pressure to ...Figure 17.2T Medium or high pressure, double-acting cylinder with flanged liner....Figure 17.2U High pressure, circulator-type cylinder, double-acting. The steel c...Figure 17.3A Typical cross-section of motor-driven, single-stage compressor.Figure 17.3B Partial cross-section of balanced opposed compression cylinders.Figure 17.4 Cylinder action.Figure 17.5A–D Cylinder arrangement.Figure 17.5E Balanced arrangement for Dresser-Rand shaft system, 1–10 crank thro...Figure 17.5F Lubricated and non-lubricated balanced opposed process reciprocatin...Figure 17.6A Double-deck feather valve (used by permission: Dresser-Rand Company...Figure 17.6B Double-deck valve with valve cap unloader (used by permission: Coop...Figure 17.6C Action of gas flow through strip-type feather valve (used by permis...Figure 17.6D Plate-type valves (used by permission: Dresser-Rand Company).Figure 17.6E Channel-type valves (used by permission: Ingersoll-Rand Company).Figure 17.6F Ring channel valves (used by permission: Cooper-Cameron Corporation...Figure 17.6G AJAX® APV-100, high-efficiency compressor valve. Suction and discha...Figure 17.6H Dresser-Rand specialized valve (used by permission: Bul. 3640. Dres...Figure 17.6I Dresser-Rand HPS proprietary valve design, using proprietary blend ...Figure 17.6J Variety of standard and special valves designed and fabricated by t...Figure 17.7 Piston rods. Precision-manufactured rolled threads and induction har...Figure 17.7A Stuffing box with rod packing direct and indirect cooling (used by ...Figure 17.8 Piston and rings. Lubricated and non-lubricated pistons with PTFE or...Figure 17.8A Piston rings. The piston rod is manufactured from heat treated stai...Figure 17.9 Piston rod packing. To meet the
