The 2005 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

km

      Maritime claims:

       territorial sea: 12 nm

       exclusive economic zone: limits fixed in coordination with

       neighboring states

      Climate:

       maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers

      Terrain:

       marshy, lowlands; flat in the north, hilly in the south

      Elevation extremes:

       lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m

       highest point: Suur Munamagi 318 m

      Natural resources:

       oil shale, peat, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand, dolomite,

       arable land, sea mud

      Land use: arable land: 16.04% permanent crops: 0.45% other: 83.51% (2001)

      Irrigated land:

       40 sq km (1998 est.)

      Natural hazards:

       sometimes flooding occurs in the spring

      Environment - current issues:

       air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power

       plants in northeast; however, the amount of pollutants emitted to

       the air have fallen steadily, the emissions of 2000 were 80% less

       than in 1980; the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to

       water bodies in 2000 was one twentieth the level of 1980; in

       connection with the start-up of new water purification plants, the

       pollution load of wastewater decreased; Estonia has more than 1,400

       natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural

       areas need to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certain

       locations

      Environment - international agreements:

       party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

       Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

       Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

       Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ship Pollution,

       Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

       signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

      Geography - note:

       the mainland terrain is flat, boggy, and partly wooded; offshore

       lie more than 1,500 islands

      People Estonia

      Population:

       1,332,893 (July 2005 est.)

      Age structure:

       0–14 years: 15.5% (male 106,300/female 100,446)

       15–64 years: 67.7% (male 429,843/female 472,034)

       65 years and over: 16.8% (male 74,037/female 150,233) (2005 est.)

      Median age:

       total: 39.06 years

       male: 35.52 years

       female: 42.35 years (2005 est.)

      Population growth rate:

       −0.65% (2005 est.)

      Birth rate:

       9.91 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

      Death rate:

       13.21 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

      Net migration rate:

       −3.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

      Sex ratio:

       at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

       under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

       15–64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female

       65 years and over: 0.49 male(s)/female

       total population: 0.84 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

      Infant mortality rate:

       total: 7.87 deaths/1,000 live births

       male: 9.06 deaths/1,000 live births

       female: 6.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

      Life expectancy at birth:

       total population: 71.77 years

       male: 66.28 years

       female: 77.6 years (2005 est.)

      Total fertility rate:

       1.39 children born/woman (2005 est.)

      HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

       1.1% (2001 est.)

      HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

       7,800 (2003 est.)

      HIV/AIDS - deaths:

       less than 200 (2003 est.)

      Nationality:

       noun: Estonian(s)

       adjective: Estonian

      Ethnic groups:

       Estonian 67.9%, Russian 25.6%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Belarusian 1.3%,

       Finn 0.9%, other 2.2% (2000 census)

      Religions:

       Evangelical Lutheran 13.6%, Orthodox 12.8%, other Christian

       (including Methodist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic,

       Pentecostal) 1.4%, unaffiliated 34.1%, other and unspecified 32%,

       none 6.1% (2000 census)

      Languages:

       Estonian (official) 67.3%, Russian 29.7%, other 2.3%, unknown 0.7%

       (2000 census)

      Literacy:

       definition: age 15 and over can read and write

       total population: 99.8%

       male: 99.8%

       female: 99.8% (2003 est.)

      Government Estonia

      Country name:

       conventional long form: Republic of Estonia

       conventional short form: Estonia

       local long form: Eesti Vabariik

       local short form: Eesti

       former: Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

      Government type:

       parliamentary republic

      Capital:

       Tallinn

      Administrative divisions:

       15 counties (maakonnad, singular - maakond): Harjumaa (Tallinn),

       Hiiumaa (Kardla), Ida-Virumaa (Johvi), Jarvamaa (Paide), Jogevamaa

       (Jogeva), Laanemaa (Haapsalu), Laane-Virumaa (Rakvere), Parnumaa

       (Parnu), Polvamaa (Polva), Raplamaa (Rapla), Saaremaa (Kuressaare),

       Tartumaa (Tartu), Valgamaa (Valga), Viljandimaa (Viljandi), Vorumaa

       (Voru)

       note: counties have the administrative center name following in

       parentheses

      Independence:

       20 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

      National holiday:

       Independence Day, 24 February (1918); note - 24 February 1918 is

       the date Estonia declared its independence from Soviet Russia; 20