New Word-Analysis. William Swinton

on taking a suffix beginning with a consonant: as, pale + ness = paleness; large + ly = largely.

      Exception 1.—When the final e is preceded by a vowel, it is sometimes omitted; as, due + ly = duly; true + ly = truly; whole + ly = wholly.

      Exception 2.—A few words ending in e drop the e before a suffix beginning with a consonant: as, judge + ment = judgment; lodge + ment = lodgment; abridge + ment = abridgment.

      Rule III.—Final "y" preceded by a Consonant.

      Final y of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is generally changed into i on the addition of a suffix.

      Exception 1.—Before ing or ish, the final y is retained to prevent the doubling of the i: as, pity + ing = pitying.

      Exception 2.—Words ending in ie and dropping the e, by Rule I. change the i into y to prevent the doubling of the i: as, die + ing = dying; lie + ing = lying.

      Exception 3.—Final y is sometimes changed into e: as, duty + ous = duteous; beauty + ous = beauteous.

      Rule IV.—Final "y" preceded by a Vowel.

      Final y of a primitive word, when preceded by a vowel, should not be changed into an i before a suffix: as, joy + less = joyless.

      Rule V.—Doubling.

      Monosyllables and other words accented on the last syllable, when they end with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, or by a vowel after qu, double their final letter before a suffix beginning with a vowel: as, rob + ed = robbed; fop + ish = foppish; squat + er = squatter; prefer' + ing = prefer'ring.

      Exceptions.—X final, being equivalent to ks, is never doubled; and when the derivative does not retain the accent of the root, the final consonant is not always doubled: as, prefer' + ence = pref'erence.

      Rule VI.—No Doubling.

      A final consonant, when it is not preceded by a single vowel, or when the accent is not on the last syllable, should remain single before an additional syllable: as, toil + ing = tolling; cheat + ed = cheated; murmur + ing = murmuring.

PART II.—THE LATIN ELEMENT.

       Table of Contents

I.—LATIN PREFIXES.

       Table of Contents

Prefix.	Signification.	Example.	Definition.
a- ab- abs-	= from	a-vert ab-solve abs-tain	to turn from. to release from. to hold from.
ad- a- ac- af- ag- al- an- ap- ar- as-	= to	ad-here a-gree ac-cede af-fix ag-grieve al-ly an-nex ap-pend ar-rive as-sent	to stick to. to be pleasing to. to yield to. to fix to. to give pain to. to bind to. to tie to. to hang to. to reach to. to yield to.

      NOTE.—The forms ac-, af-, etc., are euphonic variations of ad-, and follow generally the rule that the final consonant of the prefix assimilates to the initial letter of the root.

am- amb-	= around	am-putate amb-ient	to cut around. going around.
ante- anti-	= before	ante-cedent anti-cipate	going before. to take before.
bi- bis-	= two or twice	bi-ped bis-cuit	a two-footed animal. twice cooked.
circum- circu-	= around	circum-navigate circu-it	to sail around. journey around.
con- co- co- col- com- cor-	= with or together	con-vene co-equal co-gnate col-loquy com-pose cor-relative	to come together. equal with. born together. a speaking with another. to put together. relative with.

      NOTE.—The forms co-, col-, com-, and cor-, are euphonic variations of con-.

contra- contro- counter-	= against	contra-dict contro-vert counter-mand	to speak against to turn against to order against
de-	= down or off	de-pose; de-fend	to put down; fend off.
dis- di- dif-	asunder = apart opposite of	dis-pel di-vert dif-fer	to drive asunder. to turn apart. to bear apart; disagree.

      NOTE.—The forms di- and dif- are euphonic forms of dis-; dif- is used before a root beginning with a vowel.

ex- e- ec- ef-

= out or from

ex-clude e-ject ec-centric ef-flux

to shut out. to cast out. from the center. a flowing out.

      NOTE.—e-, ec-, and ef- are euphonic variations of ex-. When prefixed to the name of an office, ex- denotes that the person formerly held the office named: as, ex-mayor,