Geochemistry. William M. White

temperature in w...Figure 9.9 Oxygen isotope fractionation for several mineral pairs as a func...Figure 9.10 Sulfur isotope fractionation between H₂S_(aq) and various sulfur ...Figure 9.11 Variation of δ¹⁸O in precipitation as a function of mean annual...Figure 9.12 Process of Rayleigh fractionation and the decreasing δ¹⁸O in ra...Figure 9.13 Northern hemisphere variation in δD and δ¹⁸O in precipitation a...Figure 9.14 Carbon isotopic composition in terrestrial materials. From Wagne...Figure 9.15 Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation, the reaction by whi...Figure 9.16 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation, the reaction by which C₄ pla...Figure 9.17 Chemical pathways in C₄ photosynthesis.Figure 9.18 Depth profile of total dissolved inorganic carbon and δ¹³C in t...Figure 9.19 Dependence of nitrogen isotope fractionation by bacteria and di...Figure 9.20 Isotopic fractionations of hydrogen during primary production i...Figure 9.21 Relationship between δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N among the principal classes ...Figure 9.22 Values of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N in various marine and terrestrial organ...Figure 9.23 δ¹³C in carbonates from paleosols of the Potwar Plateau in Paki...Figure 9.24 δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of various foodstuffs and of diets reconstructed ...Figure 9.25 Cartoon illustrating how δ¹⁸O of the ocean changes between glac...Figure 9.26 Late Pleistocene average δ¹⁸O_VPDB of benthic foraminifera in 57...Figure 9.27 Illustration of the Milankovitch parameters. The eccentricity i...Figure 9.28 Gain and phase model of Imbrie, relating variations in eccentri...Figure 9.29 δD of ice in the EPICA Dome C ice core (upper line) compared wi...Figure 9.30 Antarctic temperature variation calculated from the EPICA ice c...Figure 9.31 δ¹⁸O in paleosol carbonate nodules from the Potwar Plateau in n...Figure 9.32 Relationship between δD and δ¹⁸O in modern meteoric water and k...Figure 9.33 δD and δ¹⁸O in meteoric hydrothermal systems. Closed circles sh...Figure 9.34 δ¹⁸O as a function of W/R and Δ computed from eqn. 9.83.Figure 9.35 δ¹⁸O variations in the Bohemia Mining District, Oregon. Note th...Figure 9.36 δ³⁴S_CDT in various terrestrial materials. Arrows show the mean v...Figure 9.37 δ³⁴S_CDT of sulfide in ore deposits. Volcanogenic massive sulfide...Figure 9.38 Δ³³S in sulfur through time. Mass independently fractionated su...Figure 9.39 Oxygen isotope ratios in olivines and clinopyroxenes from mantl...Figure 9.40 δ¹⁸O in young, fresh basalts. Dashed line is at the mean of MOR...Figure 9.41 δD in MORB and in mantle phlogopites and amphiboles. The MORB a...Figure 9.42 Carbon isotope ratios in mantle and mantle-derived materials. D...Figure 9.43 Isotopic composition of nitrogen in rocks and minerals of the c...Figure 9.44 Plot of δ¹⁸O versus fraction of magma solidified during fractio...Figure 9.45 δ¹⁸O as a function of SiO₂ in a tholeiitic suite from the Galap...Figure 9.46 Variation in δ¹⁸O of a magma undergoing AFC versus amount cryst...Figure 9.47 Boron isotopic composition of terrestrial materials and chondri...Figure 9.48 (a) Comparison of calculated atmospheric CO₂ based on ocean pH de...Figure 9.49 Li isotopic composition of terrestrial materials and chondrites...Figure 9.50 Calcium isotope ratios in terrestrial materials and meteorites....Figure 9.51 Silicon isotopic composition of terrestrial and solar system mat...Figure 9.52 Variation of δ³⁰Si and dissolved silica concentration with depth...Figure 9.53 Iron isotopes ratios in terrestrial materials and meteorites.Figure 9.54 δ⁵⁶Fe (red) and Fe concentration profiles in the ocean. (a) Nort...Figure 9.55 Mercury isotope fractionations and isotope compositions in terre...

      10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 The Hertzsprung–Russell diagram of the relationship between lumi...Figure 10.2 Solar system abundance of the elements relative to silicon as a ...Figure 10.3 Compositional evolution during cosmological nucleosynthesis. ⁷Be...Figure 10.4 Evolutionary path of the core of star of 25 solar masses (after ...Figure 10.5 Schematic diagram of stellar structure at the onset of the super...Figure 10.6 Rings of glowing gas surrounding the site of the supernova explo...Figure 10.7 Diagram of the r-process path on a Z versus N diagram. The r-pro...Figure 10.8 Z versus N diagram showing production of isotopes by the r-, s- ...Figure 10.9 Comparison of relative abundances in cosmic rays and the solar s...Figure 10.10 View of part of the chart of the nuclides. Mass numbers of stab...Figure 10.11 Relative abundance of major types of meteorite falls. The small...Figure 10.12 NWA869, a brecciated L-4 ordinary chondrite. Both chondrules an...Figure 10.13 Ratio of reduced and oxidized iron to Si in chondrites. Carbona...Figure 10.14 Abundances of the elements in CI carbonaceous chondrites versus...Figure 10.15 Silicon- and CI-normalized abundances of key elements in the ma...Figure 10.16 Variation in Fe/Mn and Fe/Mg ratios in achondrites and lunar ba...Figure 10.17 Phase diagram for iron–nickel alloy. After Wasson (1974).Figure 10.18 Co–Au and Ga–Au plots illustrating the compositional distinctio...Figure 10.19 Summary of high-precision Pb ages of Allende CAIs, ordinary cho...Figure 10.20 Correlation of the ⁵³ Cr/ ⁵² Cr ratio with ⁵⁵ Mn/ ⁵² Cr ratio in incl...Figure 10.21 Comparison of Al-Mg isotope systematics for two different meteo...Figure 10.22 Time scale of events in the early solar system based on calibra...Figure 10.23 Cosmic ray exposure ages of ordinary chondrites and SNC achondr...Figure 10.24 Comparison of the laboratory-determined reflectance spectrum of...Figure 10.25 Photograph of the asteroid 4 Vesta taken by the NASA DAWN space...Figure 10.26 Ceres as photographed by NASA's DAWN spacecraft. Bright spots h...Figure 10.27 Neon isotopic compositions in a step-heating experiment on Orgu...Figure 10.28 The isotopic composition of Kr and Xe of the Xe-HL component in...Figure 10.29 Isotopic composition of C and N in SiC from Murchison (CM2) met...Figure 10.30 Variation of O isotope ratios in meteorites: CO, CK, etc., carb...Figure 10.31 Isotopic variations in meteorites. ε ⁵⁰ Ti, ε⁵⁴Cr and ε⁵⁰Ca are t...Figure 10.32 Heavy element isotopic variations in meteorites. ε⁹²Mo and ε¹⁰⁰Figure 10.33 The Great Nebula in Orion, shown in a Hubble Space Telescope ph...Figure 10.34 Cartoon illustrating the X-wind model. As a result of interacti...Figure 10.35 Two Hubble Space Telescope views of the T-Tauri star DG Tau B. ...Figure 10.36 Condensation sequence of a gas with solar composition. Fast coo...Figure 10.37 Simplified mineralogical condensation sequence. After McSween (...Figure 10.38 Total alkalis and FeO/MgO ratios as a function of SiO₂ in Marti...Figure 10.39 The processes involved in the formation of chondrites and their...Figure 10.40 The Grand Tack model. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are r...Figure 10.41 Rare earth patterns of representative lunar rocks. Based on Tay...Figure 10.42 Highlights of lunar chronology.Figure 10.43 Difference between ε_W of Earth and Moon (Δ) versus the age of t...

      11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 The PREM model of seismic velocities and density variation throu...Figure 11.2 Ternary diagram illustrating ultramafic rock nomenclature based ...Figure 11.3 Modal mineralogy of peridotite xenoliths in the Deep Lithosphere...Figure 11.4 Upper mantle phase diagram.Figure 11.5 Mineral assemblages in the upper 1000 km of the mantle. After Ri...Figure 11.6 The structure of bridgmanite (MgSiO₃). The structure consists of...Figure 11.7 Structure of the post-perovskite phase in the lowermost mantle. ...Figure 11.8 Cross-section of the Earth illustrating the two LLSVPs at the ba...Figure 11.9 Variation of Mg/Si as a function of Al/Si in terrestrial mantle ...Figure 11.10 Correlation of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and CaO with MgO in peridotites fro...Figure 11.11 Abundances of the elements in the bulk silicate Earth (Table 11...Figure 11.12 Dependence of experimentally determined liquid metal–liquid sil...Figure 11.13 Rare earth patterns of mid-ocean ridge basalts and oceanic isla...Figure 11.14 ε_Nd versus ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁷Sr in MORB and selected OIB from the PetDB an...Figure 11.15 ε_Nd versus ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb in mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) and se...Figure 11.16 Mass fraction of the depleted mantle (DMM) calculated from eqn....Figure 11.17 “Spider diagram” displaying concentrations of trace elements no...Figure 11.18 Cartoon illustrating the oceanic crustal recycling model of Hof...Figure 11.19 Mass independently fractionated sulfur isotopes diamonds from t...Figure 11.20 ³He/⁴He vs. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in MORB and OIB. High ³He/⁴He in many OIB...Figure 11.21 ¹²⁹Xe/¹³⁰Xe vs. ¹³⁶Xe/¹³⁰Xe in MORB and oceanic island basalts....Figure 11.22 Correlation between tungsten isotopic anomalies (μ_182W) ...Figure 11.23 Olivine Mg#s in peridotite xenoliths from the Kaapvaal and Slav...Figure 11.24 Probability functions for Re−Os model rhenium depletion ages me...Figure 11.25 REE patterns in garnets from a lherzolite xenolith (solid black...Figure