Geochemistry. William M. White

4.4 ΔG surface for the alkali feldspar solid solution as a function o...Figure 4.5 Activity and activity cofficient of albite in alkali feldspar sol...Figure 4.6 (a) Schematic isothermal, isobaric G–X plot for a real solution s...Figure 4.7 A small portion of a

–X plot illustrating the origin of th...Figure 4.8 P–T phase diagram for SiO₂. This system has one component b...Figure 4.9 Phase diagram (T–X) for the two-component system diopside–anorthi...Figure 4.10 Computed phase diagram for the system anorthite–diopside (CaAl₂S...Figure 4.11

−X diagram for a two-component system exhibiting complete solut...Figure 4.12 Plot of molar free energy vs. composition (

–X₂) for two-phase d...Figure 4.13 Two univariant systems: (a) a liquid plus two solid solutions, a...Figure 4.14

–X diagrams and a T–X phase diagram for the plagioclase–l...Figure 4.15 Phase diagram for a metapelite calculated using THERMOCALC. The ...Figure 4.16 Phase diagram for Al₂SiO₅ (kyanite–sillimanite–andalusite) as de...Figure 4.17 Isopleths of Al in orthopyroxene (thin red lines; weight percent...Figure 4.18 a. Lamellae of orthopyroxene (opx; bright lines) exsolved from a...Figure 4.19 Comparison of calculated (solid lines) and experimentally observ...Figure 4.20 Olivine saturation surface constructed by Roeder and Emslie (197...Figure 4.21 The TiO₂–FeO–Fe₂O₃ ternary system. Phases are: FeO, wüstite; Fe₂Figure 4.22 Relationship of composition of coexisting titanomagnetite and il...Figure 4.23 Silicate structures. (a) Short-range silicate structures in melt...Figure 4.24 (a) Structure of pure silica glass and (b) a silica-rich glass w...Figure 4.25 SiO₂ concentrations in a melt produced by melting of peridotite ...Figure 4.26 Compositions of pyroxenes found in lavas from the Cameroon Line....Figure 4.27 (a) Three-dimensional P–T–V phase diagram for liquid...Figure 4.28 (a) Relationship between activity and molality of NaCl in aqueou...Figure 4.29 Observed mean ion activity coefficient, γ_±, of NaCl as a fu...Figure 4.30 Comparison of the electrostatic contribution to the mean ion act...Figure 4.31 In formation of ion pairs, the solvation shells may remain intac...Figure 4.32 Effects of ion association on the activity coefficient. Mean ion...Figure 4.33 Measured mean ionic activity coefficients in MgCl₂ solution as a...Figure 4.34 (a). Partial molar heat capacity of aqueous CaCl₂ at 17.5 MPa (a...Figure 4.35 Temperature–composition phase diagram for aqueous solutions of N...

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 A nitrogen atom approaching an oxygen molecule must have enough k...Figure 5.2 A nitrogen atom will sweep out a volume V = vπ(r _N + r _O )²Figure 5.3 (a) Relative change in the reaction rate as a function of activat...Figure 5.4 Progress in the reaction CO_2(aq) + H₂O → H₂CO₃ with time, as meas...Figure 5.5 Structure of L-isoleucine and D-alloisoleucine. Solid...Figure 5.6 The relationship between enthalpy of reaction and the barrier ene...Figure 5.7 Comparison of observed and predicted rates of the aragonite ⇋ cal...Figure 5.8 Log of the rate constant vs. inverse of temperature for a variety...Figure 5.9 Relative volume of dolomite as a function of time predicted at 62...Figure 5.10 A volume of dimension dx with fluxes through the planes at x and...Figure 5.11 Three possible concentration gradients. In (a), ∂ ² c/∂x...Figure 5.12 Concentration profiles at three different times resulting from o...Figure 5.13 An extended initial distribution can be thought of as consisting...Figure 5.14 Distribution of a diffusing species initially confined to −∞ < xFigure 5.15 A zoned plagioclase crystal in a lava from the Azores viewed wit...Figure 5.16 Distribution of Ni in a spherical olivine grain with an initial ...Figure 5.17 Change in the bulk concentration of Sr in a 2 mm diameter calcit...Figure 5.18 Electron microprobe traverses across the contact of basaltic liq...Figure 5.19 Four types of diffusion mechanisms in solids. After Henderson (1...Figure 5.20 Schematic plot of log diffusion rate against inverse of temperat...Figure 5.21 Schematic plot of log diffusion rate against inverse of temperat...Figure 5.22 On a microscopic scale, the surface of a mineral exhibits a numb...Figure 5.23 Free energy as a function of crystal radius for small crystals f...Figure 5.24 Calculated nucleation rate of diopside in diopside melt as a fun...Figure 5.25 Photomicrograph of an intergrowth of clinopyroxene and plagiocla...Figure 5.26 Illustration of the balance of forces as a spherical crystal or ...Figure 5.27 Variation of Sr and Rb concentrations from a plagioclase–liquid ...Figure 5.28 Left: Photomicrograph of a fossiliferous limestone from Texas (L...Figure 5.29 a. Distribution of grain sizes normalized to mean grain diameter...Figure 5.30 Variation of adsorption density of Sr on FeOH as a function of S...Figure 5.31 Oxygenation of vanadyl at pH 4 and PO₂ = 1 atm in experiments of...Figure 5.32 Mechanism of oxygenation of surface-bound vanadyl. In step (1) v...Figure 5.33 Cartoon of proton-promoted dissolution of an oxide such as quart...Figure 5.34 Log of the rate of Al₂O₃ dissolution plotted against the log of ...Figure 5.35 Quartz dissolution and precipitation rates at 200°C in near-neut...Figure 5.36 Experimentally determined dissolution rates of common minerals a...Figure 5.37 Comparison of olivine (forsterite) and feldspar (albite) structu...Figure 5.38 Enstatite (MgSiO₃) and forsterite (Mg₂SiO₄) dissolution rates as...Figure 5.39 (a). Albite dissolution rates measured by Hellman and Tisserand ...Figure 5.40 Log of steady-state dissolution (a) and growth (b) of calcite as...Figure 5.41 Steady-state diagenesis. Concentration at a fixed depth x ₁ below...Figure 5.42 Concentration profiles in a sediment in which the composition of...Figure 5.43 Fluxes through a box in a sedimentary layer of unit lateral dime...Figure 5.44 Dissolved sulfate concentrations in sediments from the Saanich I...

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Activities of different species in the carbonate system as a func...Figure 6.2 Titration curve (solid red line) for a one liter 0.005 M Na₂CO₃