Название | Geochemistry |
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Автор произведения | William M. White |
Жанр | Физика |
Серия | |
Издательство | Физика |
Год выпуска | 0 |
isbn | 9781119438113 |
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Three-dimensional histogram illustrating the abundance of the el...Figure 7.2 Goldschmidt's classification of the elements.Figure 7.3 The geochemical periodic table, in which elements are grouped acc...Figure 7.4 (a) Solubility of the rare gases in melts of varying composition ...Figure 7.5 Ionic radii of the lanthanide rare earth elements (3+ state excep...Figure 7.6 Concentrations of the rare earths in the carbonaceous chondritic ...Figure 7.7 A rare earth plot showing rare earth patterns for average upper c...Figure 7.8 Shale-normalized REE patterns of a Pacific pelagic sediment (V21-...Figure 7.9 Chondrite-normalized abundances of the noble metals in ore deposi...Figure 7.10 Ionic radius (picometers) vs. ionic charge contoured for clinopy...Figure 7.11 Effects of temperature and water in the melt on trace element pa...Figure 7.12 Experimentally determined clinopyroxene–liquid and plagioclase–l...Figure 7.13 Because increasing pressure increases the amount of jadeite (NaA...Figure 7.14 Variation of the zinc olivine/liquid partition coefficient as a ...Figure 7.15 Comparison of Zn olivine/melt partition coefficients of Kohn and...Figure 7.16 Effect of tetrahedral aluminum mole fraction and Na2O melt conce...Figure 7.17 Comparison of calculated REE patterns for a representative andes...Figure 7.18 Rare earth mineral–melt partition coefficients for mafic magmas....Figure 7.19 Geometry of the d orbitals.Figure 7.20 (a) Orientation of ligands and Cartesian coordinates for a metal...Figure 7.21 (a) Orientation of ligands and Cartesian coordinates for a metal...Figure 7.22 Arrangement of ligands and energy levels for (a) an octahedral s...Figure 7.23 Schematic phase diagram for the system forsterite–Ni olivine sho...Figure 7.24 Variation in C ℓ /C o with degree of melting, F, for various ...Figure 7.25 Rare earth patterns of 7% batch and aggregate fractional partial...Figure 7.26 Comparison of continuous and fractional melting for D = 0.0001 a...Figure 7.27 Representation of melting of an ascending packet of mantle in te...Figure 7.28 Relationship between extent of melting, F, and temperature in pe...Figure 7.29 Relationship between dihedral angle, θ, and melt distributi...Figure 7.30 Three-dimensional network formed by melt along triple junctions ...Figure 7.31 (a) Melting regime under a mid-ocean ridge. Red lines show the f...Figure 7.32 Variation of relative trace element concentration in a liquid un...Figure 7.33 Magma chamber undergoing in situ crystallization. The solidifica...Figure 7.34 Comparison of the effects of in situ and fractional crystallizat...Figure 7.35 Schematic illustration of a steady-state and periodically refill...Figure 7.36 Concentration of Ni and La in closed system fractional crystalli...Figure 7.37 La and Ni concentrations plotted against MgO concentration in a ...Figure 7.38 Plot of the ratio of two incompatible elements (one with D = 0.0...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Binding energy per nucleon versus mass number.Figure 8.2 Binding energy per nucleon versus mass number as calculated using...Figure 8.3 Neutron number versus proton number for stable nuclides.Figure 8.4 Nuclear energy-level diagram showing decay of bismuth-212 by alph...Figure 8.5 Proton and neutron occupation levels of boron-12, carbon-12, and ...Figure 8.6 Schematic of a magnetic sector mass spectrometer. Ions produced a...Figure 8.7 A Rb-Sr isochron. Five analyses from a clast in the Bholghati met...Figure 8.8 Sr isotopic evolution of the bulk Earth, evolution of high Rb/Sr ...Figure 8.9 87Sr/86Sr in seawater over the last 800 Ma, determined from the a...Figure 8.10 (a) Nd isotope evolution in mantle and crust. Bold line shows th...Figure 8.11 Sm-Nd model ages. 143Nd/144Nd is extrapolated backward (slope de...Figure 8.12 Sr and Nd isotope ratios in major geochemical reservoirs. The is...Figure 8.13 εHf vs. εNd in oceanic basalts and seawater.Figure 8.14 Low 176Lu/177Hf in zircons allows for calculation of their εHf a...Figure 8.15 (a) Schematic evolution of Os isotope ratios in the mantle and c...Figure 8.16 (a) Histogram comparing γOs in abyssal peridotites, MORB, and su...Figure 8.17 Os isotope composition of seawater over the last 80 Ma. Based on...Figure 8.18 High-precision Ce and Nd isotope data on MORB, OIB, island arc v...Figure 8.19 Evolution of Pb isotope ratios. The curved lines represent the e...Figure 8.20 Zircon crystal seen under the microscope. This crystal is approx...Figure 8.21 A concordia diagram illustrating U–Pb dating of zircons and othe...Figure 8.22 Pb isotope ratios in major terrestrial reservoirs. Typical lower...Figure 8.23 Part of the chart of the nuclides showing the series of decays t...Figure 8.24 (230Th/232Th) as a function of depth in a manganese nodule from ...Figure 8.25 Sea level rise at the end of the last glaciation based on Th-U d...Figure 8.26 Left. Photo of flowstone over a hand stencil in Maltravieso Cave...Figure 8.27 (a) 230Th–238U isochron diagram. The (238U/232Th) of the source ...Figure 8.28 (a) 230Th–238U mineral isochron on a dacite lava from Seguam Isl...Figure 8.29 He isotope ratios in various terrestrial and solar system materi...Figure 8.30 Ne isotope ratios in terrestrial materials. The line marked “MDF...Figure 8.31 A 40Ar/39Ar step-heating release spectrum of a basalt from Grena...Figure 8.32 Variation of 142Nd/144Nd in terrestrial materials and meteorites...Figure 8.33 36Cl/Cl age of groundwater in the Milk River aquifer in Alberta,...Figure 8.34 Cosmic ray exposure age distribution in iron meteorites. Sevente...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Periodic Table of the Elements illustrating the traditional stabl...Figure 9.2 Energy-level diagram for the hydrogen molecule. Fundamental vibr...Figure 9.3 (a) The three modes of motion for a diatomic molecule. Rotations ...Figure 9.4 Fractionation factor, α= (18O/16O)CO/(18O/16O)O2, calculated from...Figure 9.5 Calculated value of α18O for CO2–H2O, shown vs. 1/T and 1/T 2 . Da...Figure 9.6 Fractionation of isotope ratios during Rayleigh and equilibrium ...Figure 9.7 Oxygen isotopic compositions in the stratosphere and troposphere...Figure 9.8