Don't Fall For It. Ben Carlson

ranks to become a pilot and cash out. The game worked so well for so long that many players went through the process on multiple occasions, each time picking up a cool twelve grand. One man in Florida worked his way through the “airplane” nine times, making more than $100,000 in the process.^[3]

      The Airplane Game didn’t last because there was no business model. There were no profits, products, or revenue to speak of. In fact, the whole idea behind the airplane game was good vibes and positive thinking. Those participating at the outset assumed you could visualize your way to abundance, happiness, and wealth. And the game sounds like a sure thing until you realize the original eight passengers need to recruit 64 new passengers to get paid. Those 64 passengers then needed to turn around and recruit 512 new passengers to keep the house of cards from falling apart. For every $12,000, eight people had to initially “lose” $1,500. There was also the small matter of the fact that the FBI frowned upon the operation of a Ponzi scheme so this whole charade fell apart when law enforcement found out about it.^[4]

      I know what you’re thinking.

       THESE STORIES ARE INSANE!

       A secret inheritance from a Nigerian prince?!

       Handing over your life savings to a pyramid scheme because of good vibes?!

      And these stories do sound insane when you’re not personally involved. But people make insane decisions with their money all the time. You may never become involved in a Ponzi scheme or hand your money over to a 14-year-old kid from Africa posing as royalty, but everyone makes mistakes when it comes to their finances. We are emotional beings, and money tends to bring out the worst in those emotions.

      The world is a complex place. No one has it all figured out. We want to believe there’s an easy path to improve our finances, health, and relationships. A secret club that’s reserved only for those lucky enough to stumble across the Holy Grail that will cure us of our ills. I wish that Holy Grail existed, but there is no tried and true way to get rich overnight or fix your life through the powerful words of a guru.

Most of the stories you read in this book will make you think, “There’s no way that could ever happen to me.” The truth is, even if you never fall prey to massive fraud or a Ponzi scheme, everyone makes dumb decisions with their money. It’s in our DNA. Most business and finance books tell you how to be successful. They purport to give you the secret, the recipe, the motivational quote, or the simple steps to earn riches or emulate successful entrepreneurs, business models, investors, or CEOs. This is not one of those books. The problem with only studying successes is they’re often overflowing with survivorship bias. You never hear about all of the other failed businesses, ideas, or individuals who tried a similar route but failed. The person who won the lottery can’t teach you how to follow their path to success and riches.

      There is much more to learn from failures, fraud, charlatans, shady sales practices, and scams because it gives you some idea of what to avoid. There is no formula for getting rich quickly. No top-ten list or morning routine of high-functioning CEOs will automatically make you a successful entrepreneur. But studying poor decisions, gullible individuals, hucksters, irrational human behavior, and mental errors can help you see these things in yourself. Avoiding stupidity is often more helpful than trying to emulate brilliance. Even brilliant people can make bad decisions (as you will learn throughout these chapters). Money is one of the most unifying mediums on the planet. People of all levels of wealth – the rich, the poor, and everyone in between – make dumb decisions with their money. The simple reason for this is because money decisions have nothing to do with finances and everything to do with human nature.

      The goal of this book is to help you make better decisions by learning from the mistakes of others and avoid getting taken advantage of.

      Notes

      1 1 McKinley E. Nigerian prince scam took $110K from Kansas man; 10 years later, he’s getting it back. The Kansas City Star [Internet]. 2018 Jun 11. Available from: https://www.kansascity.com/news/state/kansas/article212657689.html

      2 2 Neuffer E. ‘Airplane’: high-stakes chain letter. The New York Times [Internet] 1987 Apr 7. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/07/nyregion/airplane-high-stakes-chain-letter.html

      3 3 Ibid.

      4 4 Enscoe D. Pyramid scheme takes off thousands invest in ‘plane game’. South Florida Sun Sentinel [Internet]. 1987 Mar 26. Available from: https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1987-03-26-8701190859-story.html

CHAPTER 1 No One Sells Miracles

      It’s not a lie if you believe it.

      —George Costanza

      In the late 1980s a group of chemists from Pfizer created a compound called sildenafil citrate. It was developed to fight cardiovascular diseases such as high blood pressure and chest pain. The project was called UK92480 (the UK is because the chemists were based in the United Kingdom) – but even though it sounds top secret, it ended up being a low drug on the totem pole because of disappointing test results. No one involved with the effort thought they were onto something groundbreaking at the time.^[1]

In fact, in the summer of 1993, the group was given an ultimatum that unless they could come back in the fall with conclusive data, it was time to close up shop and move on. Just a few short days later the researchers were doing a study on a group of miners in South Wales. Per protocol, they asked the miners if they noticed anything different after taking the drug. One of the men spoke up and said, “Well, I seemed to have more erections during the night than normal.” The other men grinned and nodded in agreement.^[2] One of the nurses in another clinical trial around the same time also noticed many of the men were lying on their stomachs, embarrassed that they ended up with an erection after taking the drug. A drug that was meant to treat cardiovascular disease was having very surprising unintended consequences.^[3]

      One of the main causes of chest pain is a condition called angina, which has to do with a reduced flow of blood to the heart. The reason this chest pain occurs is because the vessels that supply your heart with blood become constricted, which leads to pain in your chest as well as shortness of breath. Scientists often know how certain compounds are supposed to work but they don’t always know if they will have the intended effect on the intended area of the body. The idea behind sildenafil was that it would dilate the blood vessels in the heart, thus reducing chest pain and breathlessness. Instead, the blood vessels in the penis became dilated. This drug inhibited the enzyme that breaks down a chemical that is key to the biology behind an erection.^[4]

      This isn’t the first time a drug was discovered by accident. After vacationing in Scotland for a month in 1928, a pathologist named Andrew Fleming returned to his laboratory to discover he had left a petri dish on a windowsill at a hospital in London. Fleming was growing bacteria in these dishes but noticed the one he accidentally left out had grown an airborne fungus. The fungus stopped the bacteria dead in its tracks. This mold was called Penicillium notatum. Fleming inadvertently made one of the most important discoveries in the history of medicine. He created the antibiotic penicillin.^[5]

      It can’t be overstated how huge this discovery was. At the time, the average life span in the United States was under 60 years of age. That number is now around 80 years old, and Fleming’s accidental discovery had a lot to do with this. Fleming would later say, “When I woke up just after dawn on 28 September, 1928, I certainly didn’t plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the world’s first antibiotic, or bacteria killer. But I suppose that was exactly what I did.” ^[6]

      A failed cardiovascular drug