Practical Korean. Samuel E. Martin

English it makes a difference whether we say The cat eats the bird or The bird eats the cat. In practice, the subject is almost always first, followed by the object and then the verb; however, things can be switched around freely to show emphasis, especially in longer sentences.

      The order in which we put the two nouns is determined by EMPHASIS rather than by which one does the eating. In order to make it clear which is the SUBJECT (which one eats) and which is the OBJECT (which one gets eaten), Korean uses different particles:

      Goyangi-ga sae-reul meogeoyo and Sae-reul goyangi-ga meogeoyo both mean The cat eats the bird. Sae-ga goyangi-reul meogeoyo and also Goyangi-reul sae-ga meogeoyo both mean The bird eats the cat.

      One characteristic of a particle is that you practically never pause in front of it—it’s always linked with the preceding word.

      There are TWO-SHAPE particles and ONE-SHAPE particles. The one-shape particles always look the same, regardless of the word they follow. The two-shape particles have different shapes depending on the shape of the preceding word.

      In many cases, particles will have a single syllable after a noun, but after a consonant, an extra 으 (eu) will be added first. See the last example below. This also happens very often with verb endings.

MEANING OF PARTICLE	SHAPE AFTER CONSONANT	SHAPE AFTER VOWEL
subject	i	ga
object	eul	reul
“with, and”	gwa	wa
“or, and”	ina	na
“hey!, Oh!” (vocative)	a	ya
through, to	euro	ro

      Here are some examples with words of the preceding lessons:

PARTICLE	AFTER CONSONANT	AFTER VOWEL
subject	ireum-i	dambae-ga
	이름이	담배가
	bang-i	nai-ga
	방이	나이가
	mul-i (mu-ri)	binu-ga
	물이	비누가
object	yangmal-eul	gudu-reul
	양말을	구두를
	sinmun-eul	jongi-reul
	신문을	종이를
	sangjeom-eul	hakgyo-reul
	상점을	학교를
“with, and”	hyeong-gwa*	na wa
	형과	나와
	gajok-gwa*	chingu-wa
	가족과	친구와
	Iut-gwa*	nongbu-wa
	이웃과	농부와
“or, and, or the like”	sugeon-ina	baj-ina
	수건이나	바지나
through, to	gonghang-euro	hakkyo-ro
	공항으로	학교로
	jip-euro	keompyuteoro
	집으로	컴퓨터로
	chaeksang-ina	moja-na
	책상이나	모자나
vocative	Gim seonsaeng!	Gim moksa!
	김 선생	김 목사
	(Oh, Mr. Kim!)	(Oh, Reverend Kim!)
	Gildong a!	Yeongsu ya!
	길동아	영수야
	(Hey, Poktong!)	(Hey, Haksu!)

      * Don’t forget k sounds like g between voiced sounds.

      NOTE: Before the subject particle, the following nouns have different shapes:

na	I	나	nae-ga	내가
jeo	I (formal)	저	je-ga	제가
nugu	who	누구	nu-ga	누가

      LESSON 13

      More Particles

      Here are some one-shape particles, with examples after both consonants and vowels:

PARTICLE	MEANINGS	EXAMPLES
ui (PRO-NOUNCED e)	modification or	Gim-ssi-chaek ieyo. 김씨의 책이에요
	subordination	It’s Mr. Kim’s book.
		Nugu-ui moja eyo?
		누구의 모자에요?
		Whose hat is it?
e	(1) direction to	Geu-neun hakgyo-e gamnida.
		그는 학교에 갑니다
		He goes to school.
		Geu-neun eun(h)aeng-e gamnida.
		그는 은행에 갑니다.
		He goes to the bank.
	(2) location at, in	Geu-neun hakgyo-e isseoyo.
		그는 학교에 있어요.
		He is in school.
		Geu-neun eun(h)aeng-e isseoyo.
		그는 은행에 있어요.
		He’s at the bank.
	(3) a point in	Han si-e ol geyo.
	time at, in	한 시에 올게요.
		I’m coming at one o’clock.
		Ojeon-e ol geyo.
		오전에 올게요.
		I’m coming in the morning.
	(4) impersonal	Geu reul eun(h)aeng-e bonael
	indirect object	geoeyo.
		그를 은행에 보낼게요.
		I’m sending (him, it) to the bank.
		Hoesa-e emeileul sseugo isseoyo.
		회사에 이메일을 쓰고 있어요.
		I’m writing an email to the company.
hante	personal	Pumonim-gge bonael geoeyo.
	indirect object	부모님께 보낼꺼에요.
	to, at, for	I’m sending it to (my) parents.
	(a person)	Chingu-hante emeileul sseugo
		isseoyo.
		친구한테 이메일을 쓰고 있어요.
		I’m writing an email to the company.
ege	SAME; less	Biseo-ege jul geyo.
	colloquial	비서에게 줄게요.
		I’m giving it to the secretary.
bogo	SAME; more	Nugu-bogo mal hae yo?
	colloquial	누구보고 말해요?
		Who are you telling (to)?
		Gim-ssi-bogo iri ora haseyo.
		김씨-보고 이리 오라 하세요.
		Tell Mr. Kim to come here.

PARTICLE	MEANINGS	EXAMPLES
seo, eseo	(1) dynamic	Hakkyo-eseo yeongeo-reul
	location	baewosseoyo.
	(happens) at, in	학교에서 영어 배웠어요.
		I learned English at school.
		Seoul-eseo taeeonasseoyo.
		서울에서 태어났어요.
		I was born in Seoul.
	(2) from (a place)	Yeogi-seo meoreoyo.
		여기서 멀어요.
		It’s far from here.
		Ucheguk-eseo oreunjjok-euro
		doragaseyo.
		우체국에서 오른쪽으로 돌아
		가세요.
		From the post office, turn to the right.
egeseo	from (a person)	Nugu-e ke seo deureosseoyo.
		누구에게서 들었어요.
		I heard it from someone.
buteo	from (a time	Yeogi-buteo sijak hapsida.
	or place)	여기부터 시작합시다.
		Let’s start from here.
		Achim-buteo Скачать книгу В начало < 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > В конец