Book 1 of Plato's Republic. Drew A. Mannetter

the two nominative subjects (S. 2868).

      ἐλϵυθϵρία: Second nominative subject of γίγνϵται (S. 927, 938). The noun lacks an article (S. 1126).

      ἐπϵιδὰν … χαλάσωσι: Temporal clause (S. 2383).

      ἐπϵιδὰν: A combination of the temporal conjunction ἐπϵιδή and the particle ἄν; temporal clauses requiring the subjunctive must have ἄν, which is more closely attached to the temporal word than it is to the subjunctive (S. 1768).

      αἱ ἐπιθυμίαι: Nominative subject of παύσωνται (S. 927, 938).

      παύσωνται: Third person, plural, aorist, middle, subjunctive of παύω (S. 383). Main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause in the temporal clause: αἱ … κατατϵίνουσαι (S. 2162). Temporal clauses referring indefinitely to the future take the subjunctive with ἄν (S. 2399). The aorist tense of the subjunctive denotes simple occurrence (S. 1860).

      κατατϵίνουσαι: Plural, feminine, nominative, present, active supplementary participle modifying ἐπιθυμίαι after παύσωνται; the supplementary participle is often like an object infinitive after certain verbs (S. 2088, 2098). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action (S. 1872.a).

      καὶ: The conjunction connects the two coordinate clauses in the temporal clause (S. 2868).

      χαλάσωσι: Third person, plural, aorist, active, subjunctive of χαλάω (S. 385). Main verb of the (second) simple coordinate clause in the temporal clause: χαλάσωσι (S. 2162). Temporal clauses referring indefinitely to the future take the subjunctive with ἄν (S. 2399). The aorist tense of the subjunctive denotes simple occurrence (S. 1860).

      παντάπασι: Adverb modifying γίγνϵται (S. 341, 1094).

      τὸ τοῦ Σοφοκλέους: Nominative subject of γίγνϵται (S. 927, 938). τὸ: The neuter pronoun can be used alone to mean “the saying” (L.S. ὁ, ἡ, τό B.3.1). Here, it is in apposition to the following statement (S. 994). τοῦ Σοφοκλέους: Genitive of possession or belonging (more specifically, genitive of origin) with τὸ (S. 1297, 1299).

      γίγνϵται: Third person, singular, present, deponent, indicative of γίγνομαι (S. 383). Main verb of the (second) complex coordinate clause: ἐπϵιδὰν … γίγνϵται (S. 2162). The verb, which has the basic meaning “to come into being”, when combined with the adverb παντάπασι, means “to have force, be applicable” (L.S. γίγνομαι II.2).

      δϵσποτῶν πάνυ πολλῶν ἔστι καὶ μαινομένων ἀπηλλάχθαι. (329.d)

ἀπαλλάττω: to set free or release, get rid of.δϵσπότης, -ου, ὁ: master, lord, owner.ἔστι: it is possible.καί: and.

μαίνομαι: to rage, be furious.πάνυ: very, exceedingly.πολύς, πολλή, πολύ: many, mighty.

      There is no connective between this sentence and the previous one because the entire sentence is in apposition to the previous article τὸ; in English we would separate them with a colon (S. 994).

      δϵσποτῶν πάνυ πολλῶν … καὶ μαινομένων: Genitive of separation after ἀπηλλάχθαι (S. 1392, 1967). δϵσποτῶν: The noun lacks an article (S. 1126). πάνυ: Adverb modifying πολλῶν (S. 341, 1094). καὶ: The conjunction connects the two adjectives modifying δϵσποτῶν (S. 2868). μαινομένων: Plural, masculine, genitive deponent participle of μαίνομαι used as an attributive adjective modifying δϵσποτῶν (S. 2049).

      ἔστι: Third person, singular, present, indicative of ϵἰμί used quasi-impersonally with the infinitive like πάρϵστι (S. 768, 1985). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The following infinitive functions as the subject of the quasi-impersonal verb (S. 1984-85). The normally enclitic form retains its accent when it expresses existence (“it is …”) (S. 187.b).

      ἀπηλλάχθαι: Aorist, passive infinitive of ἀπαλλάττω (S. 383). The infinitive is the subject of the quasi-impersonal verb ἔστι (S. 1984-85). The aorist tense of the infinitive denotes simple occurrence (S. 1865.b).

      ἀλλὰ καὶ τούτων πέρι καὶ τῶν γϵ πρὸς τοὺς οἰκϵσους μία τις αἰτία ἐστίν, οὐ τὸ γῆρας, ὦ Σώκρατϵς, ἀλλ´ ὁ τρόπος τῶν ἀνθρώπων. (329.d)

αἰτία, -ας, ἡ: the cause, the reason.ἀλλά: but.ἄνθρωπος, -ου, ὁ: man.γῆρας, -αος, τό: old age.ϵἰμί: to be.ϵἷς τις, μία τις, ἕν τι: someone, somethingκαὶ … καί: both … and, not only … but also.ὅ γϵ, ἥ γϵ, τό γϵ: that.

οἰκϵίοι, -ῶν, οἱ: kinsmen, relatives.οὐ: not.οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this man, woman, or thing.πϵρί (+ gen.): about, concerning.πρός (+ acc.): to do with, in reference to, touching.Σωκράτης, -ους, ὁ: Socrates.τρόπος, -ου, ὁ: character, temper.ὦ: O.

      ἀλλὰ: Adversative conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one (S. 2775).

      καὶ τούτων πέρι καὶ τῶν γϵ πρὸς τοὺς οἰκϵίους: Prepositional phrase; πϵρί with the two genitives here means “about, concerning” (S. 1693.1.b). καὶ … καὶ: The repeated conjunction, connecting the two genitives τούτων … τῶν, means “both … and, not only … but also” (S. 2877). τούτων: Plural, neuter, genitive demonstrative pronoun used substantively as the object of the preposition πϵρί meaning “these things”; the antecedent is the general complaints outlined above (S. 1238, 1245). πέρι: Anastrophe, meaning an oxytone preposition of two syllables throws the accent back on the first syllable, occurs when the preposition follows its case (for πϵρὶ τούτων) (S. 175). τῶν γϵ: Plural, neuter, genitive object of the preposition πϵρί meaning “those (things)”; the article makes a substantive of the following prepositional phrase (S. 1153.c). γϵ: The enclitic particle attached to the article makes it more emphatic (L.S. ὅ γϵ). The enclitic loses its accent after the perispomenon τῶν (S. 183.b). πρὸς τοὺς οἰκϵίους: Prepositional phrase; πρός with the accusative here means “to do with” (S. 1695.3.c). The reference is back to the complaints of ill treatment by kinsmen above. τοὺς: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128).

      μία τις: Nominative subject of ἐστίν (S. 927, 938). μία: Singular, feminine, nominative cardinal number used substantively (908). τις: Singular, feminine, nominative indefinite pronoun used as an adjective modifying μία (S. 1266). The monosyllabic enclitic pronoun loses its accent after the paroxytone μία (S. 183.d).

      αἰτία: Predicate nominative noun modifying μία τις after ἐστίν (S. 939). The predicate noun has no article, and is thus distinguished from the subject (S. 1150).

      ἐστίν: Third person, singular, present, indicative of ϵἰμί (S. 768). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The dissyllabic enclitic verb retains