Book 1 of Plato's Republic. Drew A. Mannetter

used substantively (S. 338). The antecedent is ἄλλ´ ἄττα (S. 2501). Nominative subject of ἔχϵται (S. 927, 938).

      τῶν τοιούτων: Plural, neuter, genitive of the pronoun τοιοῦτος used substantively with the article; the antecedent is the ideas above of sex, drinking, and feasting (S. 1153.g, 1245). Genitive object of ἔχϵται (S. 1391).

      ἔχϵται: Third person, singular, present, indicative, middle of ἔχω (S. 383). Main verb of the relative clause (S. 2173). A neuter plural subject is regarded as collective, and has its verb in the singular (S. 958).

      καὶ: The conjunction connects the two coordinate clauses (S. 2868).

      ἀγανακτοῦσιν: Third person, plural, present, active, indicative of ἀγανακτέω (S. 385). Main verb of the (second) simple coordinate clause: ἀγανακτοῦσιν … ζῶντϵς (S. 2162). The moveable -ν is added to words ending in -σι when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134).

      ὡς: The adverb sets forth clearly the relation of cause implied in the following participles (S. 2079). This particle sets forth the ground of belief on which the agent acts, and denotes the thought, assertion, real or presumed intention, in the mind of the subject of the principal verb, without implicating the speaker or writer (S. 2086).

      μϵγάλων τινῶν: Genitive of separation after the idea of depriving in the participle ἀπϵστϵρημένοι (S. 1394). τινῶν: Plural, neuter, genitive indefinite pronoun used substantively (S. 1266). The preceding paroxytone μϵγάλων receives no additional accent and the dissyllabic enclitic τινῶν retains its accent (S. 183.d).

      ἀπϵστϵρημένοι: Plural, masculine, nominative, perfect, passive circumstantial participle of ἀποστϵρέω modifying πλϵῖστοι (S. 2054). The perfect tense of the participle denotes completion with permanent results (S. 1872.d).

      καὶ: The conjunction connects the first participle in the second coordinate clause with the second two in the μὲν … δέ clause (S. 2868).

      τότϵ μὲν … νῦν δὲ: The two particles μὲν … δέ draw a contrast between the two participles which is further clarified or strengthened by the two adverbs τότϵ … νῦν (S. 341, 1094, 2904).

      ϵὖ: Adverb (S. 341, 1094). Participles are modified by adverbs, not adjectives (S. 2040).

      ζῶντϵς: Plural, masculine, nominative, present, active circumstantial participle of ζάω modifying πλϵῖστοι, the subject of ἀγανακτοῦσιν (S. 2054). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action and is generally coincident to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.a).

      οὐδὲ: Adverb (S. 2931). Participles are modified by adverbs, not adjectives (S. 2040). Denniston notes that οὐδέ here “negatives the succeeding idea in toto, passing beyond the mere negation of it in some qualified form.” (D. οὐδέ, pg. 196).

      ζῶντϵς: Plural, masculine, nominative, present, active circumstantial participle of ζάω modifying πλϵῖστοι, the subject of ἀγανακτοῦσιν (S. 2054). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action and is generally coincident to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.a).

      ἔνιοι δὲ καὶ τὰς τῶν οἰκϵίων προπηλακίσϵις τοῦ γήρως ὀδύρονται, καὶ ἐπὶ τούτῳ δὴ τὸ γῆρας ὑμνοῦσιν ὅσων κακῶν σφίσιν αἴτιον. (329.a-b)

αἴτιον, -ου, τό: the cause, the reason.γῆρας, -ος, τό: old age.δέ: and.ἔνιοι, -ων, οἱ: some men.ἐπί (+ dat.): in addition to, beside.καί: also, even.καὶ … δή: and in fact, and then, and in particular.κακόν, -οῦ, τό: evil, ill.

ὀδύρομαι: to lament, bewail.οἰκϵῖοι, -ων, οἱ: kinsmen, relatives.ὅσος, -η, -ον: how many, how great.οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this man, woman, or thing.προπηλάκισις, -ϵως, ἡ: contumelious or abusive treatment, neglect.σφϵῖς, σφέων: they, of them.ὑμνέω: to tell over and over again, harp upon.

      ἔνιοι: Plural, masculine, nominative adjective used substantively without the article (S. 1021, 1126). Nominative subject of ὀδύρονται and ὐμνοῦσιν (S. 927, 938).

      δὲ: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; the copulative δέ marks transition, and is the ordinary particle used in connecting successive clauses or sentences which add something new or different, but not opposed, to what precedes, and are not joined by other particles, such as γάρ or οὖν (S. 2835-2836). “As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162).

      καὶ: Adverbial use of the particle meaning “also” (S. 2881).

      τὰς τῶν οἰκϵίων προπηλακίσϵις: Accusative direct object of ὀδύρονται (S. 1554). τῶν οἰκϵίων: Genitive of source (S. 1410). Attributive genitive; a word or group of words standing between the article and its noun is an attributive (S. 1154, 1161.a).

      τοῦ γήρως: Genitive of cause with ὀδύρονται, a verb of emotion (“because of …”) (S. 1405).

      ὀδύρονται: Third person, plural, present, deponent, indicative of ὀδύρομαι (S. 383). Main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause: ἔνιοι … ὀδύρονται (S. 2162).

      καὶ … δὴ: The combination of particles signify that the addition made by καί is an important one (D. καὶ … δή, pg. 253). καὶ: The conjunction connects the two coordinate clauses (S. 2868). δὴ: The postpositive particle introduces a climax and stands after the word it emphasizes (τούτῳ) (S. 2840, 2847).

      ἐπὶ τούτῳ: Prepositional phrase; ἐπί with the dative here means “in addition to, beside” (S. 1689.2.c). τούτῳ: Singular, neuter, dative demonstrative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is the idea of shabby treatment being lamented in the previous clause (S. 1238, 1247).

      τὸ γῆρας: Accusative direct object of ὑμνοῦσιν (S. 1554).

      ὑμνοῦσιν: Third person, plural, present, active, indicative of ὑμνέω (S. 385). Main verb of the (second) complex coordinate clause: ἐπὶ … αἴτιον (S. 2162). The moveable -ν is added to words ending in -σι when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134).

      ὅσων … αἴτιον: Indirect question after ὑμνοῦσιν (S. 2663).

      ὅσων κακῶν: Partitive genitive with αἴτιον (S. 1306). ὅσων: Plural, neuter, genitive relative pronoun used as an adjective modifying κακῶν (S. 340). κακῶν: Plural, neuter, genitive adjective of κακός used substantively without the article (S. 1126, 1153.a).

      σφίσιν: Third person, plural, dative of the personal pronoun σφϵῖς (S. 325). Dative of disadvantage; the person to whose disadvantage anything occurs is put in the dative (S. 1481). The moveable -ν is added to words ending in -σι when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134).

      αἴτιον {(ἐστί τὸ γῆρας) = (αἴτιόν