The Blood Covenant: A Primitive Rite and its Bearings on Scripture. H. Clay Trumbull

Sweep of the Rite, 43. (6.) Light from the Classics, 58. (7.) The Bond of the Covenant, 65. (8.) The Rite and its Token in Egypt, 77. (9.) Other Gleams of the Rite, 85.

      LECTURE II.

      SUGGESTIONS AND PERVERSIONS OF THE RITE.

      (1.) Sacredness of Blood and of the Heart, 99. (2.) Vivifying Power of Blood, 110. (3.) A New Nature through New Blood, 126. (4.) Life from any Blood, and by a Touch, 134. (5.) Inspiration through Blood, 139. (6.) Inter-Communion through Blood, 147. (7.) Symbolic Substitutes for Blood, 191. (8.) Blood Covenant Involvings, 202.

      LECTURE III.

      INDICATIONS OF THE RITE IN THE BIBLE.

      (1.) Limitations of Inquiry, 209. (2.) Primitive Teachings of Blood, 210. (3.) The Blood Covenant in Circumcision, 215. (4.) The Blood Covenant Tested, 224. (5.) The Blood Covenant and its Tokens in the Passover, 230. (6.) The Blood Covenant at Sinai, 238. (7.) The Blood Covenant in the Mosaic Ritual, 240. (8.) The Primitive Rite Illustrated, 263. (9.) The Blood Covenant in the Gospels, 271. (10.) The Blood Covenant Applied, 286.

      APPENDIX.

      Importance of this rite strangely undervalued, 297. Life in the blood, in the heart, in the liver, 299. Transmigration of souls, 310. The Blood-Rite in Burmah, 313. Blood-stained tree of the covenant, 316. Blood-Drinking, 320. Covenant-Cutting, 322. Blood-Bathing, 324. Blood-Ransoming, 324. The Covenant-Reminder, 326. Hints of Blood Union, 332.

      INDEXES.

      Topical Index, 345. Scriptural Index, 349.

      LECTURE I.

      THE PRIMITIVE RITE ITSELF.

I.

       THE PRIMITIVE RITE ITSELF.

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1. SOURCES OF BIBLE STUDY.

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      Those who are most familiar with the Bible, and who have already given most time to its study, have largest desire and largest expectation of more knowledge through its farther study. And, more and more, Bible study has come to include very much that is outside of the Bible.

      For a long time, the outside study of the Bible was directed chiefly to the languages in which the Bible was written, and to the archæology and the manners and customs of what are commonly known as the Lands of the Bible. Nor are these well-worked fields, by any means, yet exhausted. More still remains to be gleaned from them, each and all, than has been gathered thence by all searchers in their varied lore. But, latterly, it has been realized, that, while the Bible is an Oriental book, written primarily for Orientals, and therefore to be understood only through an understanding of Oriental modes of thought and speech, it is also a record of God’s revelation to the whole human race; hence, its inspired pages are to receive illumination from all disclosures of the primitive characteristics and customs of that race, everywhere. Not alone those who insist on the belief that there was a gradual development of the race from a barbarous beginning, but those also who believe that man started on a higher plane, and in his degradation retained perverted vestiges of God’s original revelation to him, are finding profit in the study of primitive myths, and of aboriginal religious rites and ceremonies, all the world over. Here, also, what has been already gained, is but an earnest of what will yet be compassed in the realm of truest biblical research.

2. AN ANCIENT SEMITIC RITE.

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      One of these primitive rites, which is deserving of more attention than it has yet received, as throwing light on many important phases of Bible teaching, is the rite of blood-covenanting: a form of mutual covenanting, by which two persons enter into the closest, the most enduring, and the most sacred of compacts, as friends and brothers, or as more than brothers, through the inter-commingling of their blood, by means of its mutual tasting, or of its inter-transfusion. This rite is still observed in the unchanging East; and there are historic traces of it, from time immemorial, in every quarter of the globe; yet it has been strangely overlooked by biblical critics and biblical commentators generally, in these later centuries.

      In bringing this rite of the covenant of blood into new prominence, it may be well for me to tell of it as it was described to me by an intelligent native Syrian, who saw it consummated in a village at the base of the mountains of Lebanon; and then to add evidences of its wide-spread existence in the East and elsewhere, in earlier and in later times.

      It was two young men, who were to enter into this covenant. They had known each other, and had been intimate, for years; but now they were to become brother-friends, in the covenant of blood. Their relatives and neighbors were called together, in the open place before the village fountain, to witness the sealing compact. The young men publicly announced their purpose, and their reasons for it. Their declarations were written down, in duplicate—one paper for each friend—and signed by themselves and by several witnesses. One of the friends took a sharp lancet, and opened a vein in the other’s arm. Into the opening thus made, he inserted a quill, through which he sucked the living blood. The lancet-blade was carefully wiped on one of the duplicate covenant-papers, and then it was