Smart Charging Solutions for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles. Группа авторов

Chapter 9, Aashish Kumar Bohre, Partha Sarathee Bhowmik, and Baseem Khan present an actual case study for efficient charging infrastructure planning with renewable sources, supporting EVs’ adoption as an efficient alternative for transportation.

      In Chapter 10, Lokesh Kumar presents a real-time price-competitive market structure based on game theory for EV charging stations considering various practical parameters, including wait time and reputation function.

      In Chapter 11, Ubaid Rehman presents a Super-Conducting–Magnetic Energy Storing (SME’S) System to regulate the system’s voltages during charging of an EV. This enhances battery life and increases the EVs charging efficiency in the smart grid (SG).

      In Chapter 12, Lokesh Kumar presents an actual case study for a novel intelligent route planning framework for an electric vehicle with consideration to waiting time.

      In Chapter 13, Nadia Adnan, Sharina Md Nordin, and Shouvik Sanyal present intelligent charging management for autonomous vehicles. They also describe a brilliant solution for smart cities and societies.

      In Chapter 14, Sanchari Deb, Sulabh Sachan, Mohammad Saad Alam, and Samir M Sharif present a comprehensive review of an EV integrated virtual power plant (VPP).

      In Chapter 15, Sanchari Deb and Sulabh Sachan present the single objective modeling of EV charging station placement problems regarding superimposition of roads and a distribution network.

      In Chapter 16, D. R. Karthik, Mallikarjunareddy Bandi, Naveenkumar Marati, Balraj Vaithilingam, and Kathirvel Karuppazhagi present a review on recent trends and technologies of electric vehicles and their wireless charging methods.

In Chapter 17, Satendra Kumar Singh Kushwaha, Satyprakash, Akhilesh Kumar Gupta, Akbar Ahmad, Bandi Mallikarjuna Reddy, and Narendra Kumar Ch discuss techno-economic issues of grid-connected large photovoltaic plants of the smart City Prayagraj to the EV Charging Station.

      We hope that this edited book includes a broad collection of state-of-the-art studies on the theme. Readers are expected to find these chapters inspiring and helpful while carrying out their research in the subject domain.

       Acknowledgments

      The editors would like to thank all the authors who have made their valuable contributions to this edited book. We also thank all the reviewers who have generously spared their time in reviewing the chapter manuscripts. Our sincere thanks go to the Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley Publication and staff for their cooperation and continuous support throughout this edited book’s production process.

      – Editors

      1

      Smart Charging: An Outlook Towards its Role and Impacts, Enablers, Markets, and the Global Energy System

       Bikash Sah* and Praveen Kumar

       Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India

       Abstract

      The push for transport electrification has increased worldwide due to growing concerns about carbon emissions by conventional fossil fuel based vehicles. With the push of transport electrification, the exiting power systems utility grid is also evolving. Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming popular and gaining the market share in due course of time. The increase in EVs demands more power to charge which results in a significant impact on the utility grid. Dependency on renewable energy sources and the use of local energy storage has increased. Inculcating the incremental addition of EVs and the integration of renewables and local energy storage requires overhauling the planning, monitoring, operation, and maintenance of the power system and its components. Smart charging is an EV charging technique that focusses on reducing the impact of increased power demand and helps in the integration of renewables and local energy storage. Smart charging adds flexibility in the operation of power system components with added functionalities that give augmented monitoring and control to EV users and the power system operator. The goals of smart charging are set to unleash coherency between transport electrification, low-carbon emission generation, and utilization of electricity. This chapter will define the context of “smart” with respect to “smart charging”, present an outlook towards its role and impacts on the utility grid and connected entities, and describe the enablers of smart charging, markets, and the operation of the global energy system.

      Keywords: Energy system, smart charging, role, market

1.1 Introduction to Smart Charging

      Organizations worldwide are working to ensure the usage of low carbon generating entities meet day-to-day requirements such as power generation and transportation [1, 2]. The use of renewables has helped meet the target in the case of power generation. At the same time, a paradigm shift in the transportation sector with the introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) is evident. This paradigm shift rolled out challenges to the existing power systems due to an increase in the demand for electricity to charge, the use of EVs as distributed energy storage, and regulating the power quality. Smart charging techniques for EVs emerge as a solution to meet the challenges [3].

      Smart charging of EVs supports the convergence of EV owners’ behavior and requirements, charging, the grid, and all participants involved in the system. Support is provided by various system enablers, which include supporting technologies, policies, and stakeholders. The benefits of smart charging extend to the efficient management of charging during peak and off-peak load hours, increased penetration of renewable energy, reduced transmission losses, economic and technical benefits to users, and much more [1, 4-6]. The smart charging system will unleash more benefits when the users’ and service providers’ requirements are a defined set of operational standards that are coherently aligned.

      The literature presents a broader range of developments in the smart charging systems [5, 7]. Most of the works are on developing algorithms to either maximize, minimize, or compute an optimal parameter to define an efficient working of the smart charging system. Although it is desirable to approach the smart charging system’s design to inculcate the interests of all the stakeholders, most of the work did not consider the evolution of the market or the competitiveness of service providers and their outlooks [8].

      Cars in general and EVs spend more than 90% of their lifetime parked. The parking period can be used for a variety of purposes, such as local energy storage, mobile energy storage, backup support to homes and buildings, active power support to the utility grid, ancillary services support, and much more. The services rendered by EVs generate income for the EV users as well. An EV can effectively be customized for both mobility and micro-grid connected systems. Apart from the mentioned services, EVs support renewable integration as well. The power generated from renewables is intermittent but attractive as the contribution of carbon emissions in this generation is reduced drastically. The EVs, when used as local energy storage devices, act as a bridge between the utility grid and renewables.

Smart charging also renders a fascinating opportunity