Practical Cardiovascular Medicine. Elias B. Hanna

Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2011; 4: 295–302. 14% had CAD.

      6 120. Aziz A, Hansen HS, Sechtem U, Prescott E,Ong P. Sex-related differences in vasomotor function in patients with angina and unobstructed coronary arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70: 2349–58.

      7 121. Ong P, Athanasiadis A, Borgulya G, et al. Clinical usefulness, angiographic characteristics, and safety evaluation of intracoronary acetylcholine provocation testing among 921 consecutive white patients with unobstructed coronary arteries. Circulation 2014; 129: 1723–1730.

      8 122. Ford TJ, Stanley B, Sidik N, et al. 1-Year Outcomes of Angina Management Guided by Invasive Coronary Function Testing (CorMicA). JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2020; 13(1):33–45.

      9 123. Bott-Silverman C, Heupler FA. Natural history of pure coronary artery spasm in patients treated medically. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983; 2: 200–5.

      10 124. Yasue H, Mizuno Y, Harada E, et al. Effects of a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, fluvastatin, on coronary spasm after with- drawal of calcium-channel blockers. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51: 1742–8.

      11 125. Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM, Mallon SM, et al. Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients with silent myocardial ischemia due to coronary-artery spasm. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1451–5.

      12 126. Meisel SR, Mazur A, Chetboun I, et al. Usefulness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in refractory variant angina pectoris complicated by ventricular fibrillation in patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89: 1114–16.

      Microvascular dysfunction

      1 127. Cannon RO. Microvascular angina and the continuing dilemma of chest pain with normal coronary angiograms. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: 877–85.

      2 128. Hasdai D, Gibbons RJ, Holmes DR, et al. Coronary endothelial dysfunction in humans is associated with myocardial perfusion defects. Circulation 1997; 96: 3390–5.

      3 129. Hamasaki S, Al Suwaidi J, Higano ST, et al. Attenuated coronary flow reserve and vascular remodeling in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 1654–60.

      4 130. Lee BK, Lim HS, Fearon WF, et al. Invasive evaluation of patients with angina in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease. Circulation 2015; 131:1054–1060.

      5 131. Mehta PJ, Goykhman P, Thomson LE, et al. Ranolazine improves angina in women with evidence of myocardial ischemia but no obstructive coronary artery disease. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 4: 514–22.

      6 132. Lerman A, Burnett JC, Higano ST, et al. Long-term L-arginine supplementation improves small-vessel coronary endothelial function in humans. Circulation 1998; 97: 2123–8.

      7 133. Johnson BD, Shaw LJ, Pepine CJ, et al. Persistent chest pain predicts cardiovascular events in women without obstructive coronary artery disease: results from the NIH-NHLBI-sponsored Women’s Ischaemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 1408–15.

      8 134. Reis SE, Holubkov R, Smith AJC, et al. Coronary microvascular dysfunction is highly prevalent in women with chest pain in the absence of coronary artery disease: results from the NHLBI WISE study. The WISE investigators. Am Heart J 2001; 141: 735–41.

      9 135. Bugiardini R, Manfrini O, Pizzi C, et al. Endothelial function predicts future development of coronary artery disease: a study of women with chest pain and normal coronary angiograms. Circulation 2004; 109: 2518–23.

      10 136. Al Suwaidi J, Hamasaki S, Higano ST, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with mild coronary artery disease and endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 2000; 101: 948–54.

      11 137. Nelson MD, Wei J, Bairey Mertz CN. Coronary microvascular dysfunction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction as female-pattern cardiovascular disease: the chicken or the egg? Eur Heart J 2018; 39(10):850–852.

      12 138. Kobayashi Y, Lee JM, Fearon WF, et al. Three-vessel assessment of coronary microvascular dysfunction in patients with clinical suspicion of ischemia: prospective observation study with the index of microcirculatory resistance. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2017; 10:e005445.

      13 139. Pepine CJ, Anderson RD, Sharaf BL, et al. Coronary microvascular reactivity to adenosine predicts adverse outcome in women evaluated for suspected ischemia results from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute WISE (Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 2825–2832.

      Myocardial bridging

      1 140. Mohlenkamp S, Hort W, Ge J, Erbel R. Update on myocardial bridging. Circulation 2002; 106: 2616–22.

      2 141. Greenspan M, Iskandrian AS, Catherwood E, et al. Myocardial bridging of the LAD: evaluation using exercise thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1980; 6: 173–80.

      3 142. Tang K, Wang L, Shi R, et al. The role of myocardial perfusion imaging in evaluating patients with myocardial bridging. J Nucl Cardiol 2011; 18: 117–22.

      4 143. Juillière Y, Berder V, Suty-Selton C, et al. Isolated myocardial bridges with angiographic milking of left anterior descending coronary artery: a long-term follow-up study. Am Heart J 1995; 129: 663–5.

      Collaterals

      1 144. Werner GS, Ferrari M, Heinke S, et al. Angiographic assessment of collateral connections in comparison with invasively determined collateral function in chronic coronary occlusions. Circulation. 2003 Apr 22; 107(15):1972–7.

      2 145. Schwartz H, Leiboff R, Bren G, et al. Temporal evolution of the human coronary collateral circulation after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984; 4: 1088–93.

      3 146. Werner GS, Richartz BM, Gatmann O, et al. Immediate changes of collateral function after successful recanalization of chronic total coronary occlusions. Circulation 2000; 102: 2959–65.

      4 147. Aboul-Enein F, Kar S, Hayes SW, et al. Influence of angiographic collateral circulation on myocardial perfusion in patients with chronic total occlusion of a single coronary artery and no prior myocardial infarction. J Nucl Med 2004; 45: 950–5.

      Notes

      1 * Cold leads to vasoconstriction (afterload increase) and shivering, increasing O2 demands. The severity of angina is classified using the Canadian Cardiovascular Society grading (CCS). CCS IV is angina with minimal activities, CCS III is angina at a low level of activity, such as walking one flight of stairs or 1–2 flat blocks at a normal pace, CCS II is angina with walking more or at a faster pace, and does not usually occur daily, and CCS I is angina with strenuous lifting or running.

Part 2 HEART FAILURE (CHRONIC AND ACUTE HEART FAILURE, SPECIFIC CARDIOMYOPATHIES, AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY)