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      5 82. Kapoor JR, Gienger AL, Ardehali R, et al. Isolated disease of the proximal left anterior descending artery comparing the effectiveness of percutaneous coronary interventions and coronary artery bypass surgery. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2008; 1: 483–91.

      6 83. Serruys PW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 961–72. SYNTAX one year follow-up.

      7 84. Mohr FW, Morice M, Kappetein AP, et al. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with three-vessel disease and left main coronary disease: 5-year follow-up of the randomised, clinical SYNTAX trial. Lancet 2013; 381: 629–38.

      8 85. Farkouh ME, Domanski M, Sleeper LA, et al. Strategies for multivessel revascularization in patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 2375–84. FREEDOM trial.

      9 86. Stone GW, Kappetein AP, Sabik JF, et al., on behalf of the EXCEL Trial Investigators. Five-Year Outcomes After PCI or CABG for Left Main Coronary Disease. N Engl J Med 2019; 381:1820–30.

      10 87. Holm NR, Mäkikallio T, Lindsay MM, et al. Percutaneous coronary angioplasty versus coronary artery bypass grafting in the treatment of unprotected left main stenosis: updated 5-year outcomes from the randomised, non-inferiority NOBLE trial. Lancet 2020; 395:191–199.

      11 88. Thuijs DJFM, Kappetein AP, Serruys PW, et al; SYNTAX Extended Survival Investigators. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with three-vessel or left main coronary artery disease: 10-year follow-up of the SYNTAX trial. Lancet. 2019; 394:1325–1334.

      12 89. Ono M, Serruys PW, Hara H, et al; SYNTAX Extended Survival Investigators. 10-Year Follow-Up After Revascularization in Elderly Patients With Complex Coronary Artery Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(22):2761–2773.

      13 90. Morrison DA, Sethi G, Sacks J, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass graft surgery for patients with medically refractory myocardial ischemia and risk factors for adverse outcomes with bypass: a multicenter, randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 143–9. AWESOME trial.

      14 91. Nashef SA, Rogues F, Michel P, et al. European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999; 16: 9–13.

      15 92. Society of Thoracic Surgeons. STS risk calculator: http://riskcalc.sts.org/STSWebRiskCalc273.

      Complete vs. incomplete revascularization

      1 93. Dauerman HL. Reasonable incomplete revascularization. Circulation 2011; 123: 2337–40.

      2 94. Farooq V, Serruys PW, Garcia-Garcia HM, et al. The negative impact of incomplete angiographic revascularization on clinical outcomes and its association with total occlusions: the SYNTAX trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61: 282–94. Incomplete revascularization, whether with CABG or PCI, was associated with impaired long-term outcomes in SYNTAX trial (≠ references 96-98).

      3 95. Hannan EL, Wu C, Walford G, et al. Incomplete revascularization in the era of drug-eluting stents: impact on adverse outcomes. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2009; 2: 17–25.

      4 96. van den Brand MJ, Rensing BJ, Morel MA, et al. The effect of completeness of revascularization on event-free survival at one year in the ARTS trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 39: 559–564.

      5 97. Rastan AJ, Walther T, Falk V et al. Does reasonable incomplete surgical revascularization affect early or long-term survival in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease receiving left internal mammary artery bypass to left anterior descending artery? Circulation 2009; 120: S70–7.

      6 98. Vander Salm TJ, Kip KE, Jones RH, et al. What constitutes optimal surgical revascularization? Answers from the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI). J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 565–72.

      Mortality

      1 99. Mock MB, Ringqvist I, Fisher LD, et al. Survival of medically treated patients in the coronary artery surgery study (CASS) registry. Circulation 1982; 66: 562–8.

      2 100. Emond M, Mock MB, Davis KB, et al. Long-term survival of medically treated patients in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) Registry. Circulation 1994; 90: 2645–57.

      Left main and CABG

      1 101. Detre K, Murphy ML, Hultgren H. Effect of coronary bypass surgery on longevity in high and low risk patients. Report from the V.A. Cooperative Coronary Surgery Study. Lancet 1977; 2: 1243–5.

      2 102. Taylor HA, Deumite NJ, Chaitman BR, et al. Asymptomatic left main coronary artery disease in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry. Circulation 1989; 79: 1171–9.

      Bypass grafts

      1 103. Motwani JG, Topol EJ. Aortocoronary saphenous vein graft disease: pathogenesis, predisposition, and prevention. Circulation 1998; 97: 916–31.

      2 104. Nwasokwa ON. Coronary artery bypass graft disease. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123: 528–33.

      3 105. Sabik JF. Understanding saphenous vein graft patency. Circulation 2011; 124: 273–5.

      4 106. Thuesen AL, Riber LP, Veien KT, et al. Fractional Flow Reserve Versus Angiographically-Guided Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 72(22):2732–2743.

      5 107. Douglas JS, Weintraub WS, Lieberman HA, et al. Update of saphenous graft (SVG) angioplasty: restenosis and long-term outcome. Circulation 1991; 84 (Suppl II): II–249.

      6 108. de Feyter PJ, van Suylen RJ, de Jaegere PP, Topol EJ, Serruys PW. Balloon angioplasty for the treatment of lesions in saphenous vein bypass grafts. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 1539–49.

      7 109. Ellis SG, Brener SJ, DeLuca S, et al. Late myocardial ischemic events after saphenous vein graft intervention: importance of initially “nonsignificant” vein graft lesions. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 1460–4.

      8 110. Posatti G, Gaudino M, Pratti F, et al. Long-term results of radial artery use for myocardial revascularization. Circulation 2003; 108: 1350–4.

      9 111. Barner HB. Radial artery patency. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012; 41: 92–3.

      10 112. Ruttmann E, Fischler N, Sakic A, et al. Second internal thoracic artery versus radial artery in coronary artery bypass grafting. A long-term, propensity score-matched follow-up study. Circulation 2011; 124: 1321–9

      11 113. Lamy A, Devereaux PJ, Prabhakaran D, et al. Off-pump or on-pump coronary-artery bypass grafting at 30 days. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 1489–97.

      12 114. Hannan EL, Wu C, Smith CR, et al. Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: differences in long-term outcomes and in long-term mortality and need for subsequent revascularization. Circulation 2007; 116: 1145–52.

      Coronary spasm

      1 115. Yasue H, Takizawa A, Nagao M, et al. Long-term prognosis for patients with variant angina and influential factors. Circulation 1988; 78: 1–9. 60% had CAD; CAD not particularly predictor of events.

      2 116. Waters DD. Bouchard A. Theroux P. Spontaneous remission is a frequent outcome of variant angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983; 2: 195–9. Excluded those who developed MI, CABG. 45% spontaneous remission with no medication.

      3 117. Ozaki Y, Takatsu F, Osuqi J, et al. Long-term study of recurrent vasospastic angina using coronary angiograms during ergonovine provocation tests. Am Heart J 1992; 123: 1191–8. This study only took patients without CAD; only 38% had recurrence, often (84%) consistent location and ECG.

      4 118. Cipriano PR, Koch FH, Rosenthal SJ, Schroeder JS. Clinical course of patients following the demonstration of coronary artery spasm by angiography. Am Heart J 1981; 101: 127–34. Bad outcome in those with