Practical Cardiovascular Medicine. Elias B. Hanna

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      32 32. Chang HJ, Lin FY, Lee SU, et al. Coronary atherosclerotic precursors of acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 71: 2511-2522. +Also: Ferencik M, Mayrhofer T, Bittner DO, et al. Use of high-risk coronary atherosclerotic plaque detection for risk stratification of patients with stable chest pain: a secondary analysis of the PROMISE randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol 2018; 3:144–152.

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      34 34. McHenry PL, O'Donnell J, Morris SN, Jordan JJ. The abnormal exercise electrocardiogram in apparently healthy men: a predictor of angina pectoris as an initial coronary event during long-term follow-up. Circulation 1984; 70:547–51: The first symptomatic presentation is usually angina in patients with silent ischemia (MI ~33% of the time), vs MI in patients with no ischemia (~75% of the time, 13 year follow-up). +Another study: Ambrose JA, Tannenbaum MA, Alexopoulos D, et al. Angiographic progression of coronary artery disease and the development of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 12:56–62: patients with coronary occlusion occurring between 2 coronary angiogram were analyzed: those who had intercurrent MI had milder stenosis at baseline (48% stenosis, and only 22% had stenosis>70%) vs. those who did not develop MI (73% stenosis).

      35 35. Uchida T, Popma J, Stone GW, et al. The clinical impact of routine angiographic follow-up in randomized trials of drug-eluting stents: a critical assessment of “oculostenotic” reintervention in patients with intermediate lesions. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3(4):403-411: compared to angiography driven by symptoms, routine post-PCI angiography increases detection of restenosis and increases repeat PCI, but does not improve clinical outcomes, such as death, MI, or the long-term target vessel revascularization. +Another study: Zellweger MJ, Weinbacher M, Zutter AW. Long-term outcome of patients with silent versus symptomatic ischemia six months after percutaneous coronary intervention and stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 33–40. Ischemia 6 months post-PCI predicts more revascularization, but not more death or MI at 4 years.

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      40 40. Bangalore S, Steg PHG, Deedwania P, et al. Beta blocker use and clinical outcomes in stable outpatients with and without coronary artery disease. JAMA 2012; 308: 1340–9. REACH registry.

      41 41. Sorbets E, Steg PG, Young R, et al, for the CLARIFY investigators, ß-blockers, calcium antagonists, and mortality in stable coronary artery disease: an international cohort study, Eur Heart J 2019; 40:1399–1407.

      42 42. Bangalore S, Sawhney S, Messerli FH. Relation of beta-blocker-induced heart rate lowering and cardioprotection in hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 1482–9.

      43 43. Fox K, Ford I, steg PG, et al. Ivabradine in stable coronary artery disease without clinical heart failure. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:1091–1099

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      45 45. Narins CR, Zareba W, Moss AJ, et al. Relationship between intermittent claudication, inflammation, thrombosis, and recurrent cardiac events among survivors of myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 440–6.

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