Practical Cardiovascular Medicine. Elias B. Hanna

1477–88.

Other acute therapies

      1 83. Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J. Beta blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis. BMJ 1999; 318: 1730–7. β-Blockers reduce mortality 23% over long-term (6–24 months), not short-term follow-up.

      2 84. Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP, et al. Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo- controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 1622–32. COMMIT-CCS trial.

      3 85. Bangalore S, Steg G, Deedwania P, et al. β-Blocker use and clinical outcomes in stable outpatients with and without coronary artery disease. JAMA 2012; 308: 1340–9. REACH registry.

      4 86. Puymirat E, Riant E, Aissaoui N, et al. Beta-blockers and mortality after myocardial infarction in patients without heart failure: multicentre prospective cohort study. BMJ 2016;354:i4801. FAST MI registry: mortality benefit with beta-blockers up to 1 year after MI, not beyond that.

      5 87. Goldberger JJ, Bonow RO, Cuffe M, et al. Effect of beta-blocker dose on survival after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66: 1431–41.

      6 88. CAPRICORN Investigators. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN ran- domised trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1385–90.

      7 89. ISIS-4 Collaborative Group. ISIS-4: A randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1995; 345: 669–85.

      8 90. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico. GISSI-3: effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1994; 343: 1115–22. GISSI-3 and ISIS-4 proved a mortal- ity reduction with early initiation of ACE-I in all STEMI patients (within 24 hours, for 6 weeks). SAVE trial proved a more drastic mortality reduction with captopril in MI patients with LV dysfunction (for 42 months).

      9 91 Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moyé LA, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1992; 327(10):669–677.

      10 92. Deedwania P, Kosiborod M, Barrett E, et al. Hyperglycemia and acute coronary syndrome: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Diabetes Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation 2008; 117: 1610–19.

Early discharge

      1 93. Grines CL, Marsalese DL, Brodie B, et al. Safety and cost-effectiveness of early discharge after primary angioplasty in low risk patients with acute myocar- dial infarction. PAMI-II Investigators. Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31: 967–72.

      2 94. Noman A, Zaman AG, Schechter C, et al. Early discharge after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2013; 2: 262–9.

      3 95. Jones DA, Rathod KS, Howard JP, et al. Safety and feasibility of hospital discharge 2 days following primary percutaneous intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Heart 2012; 98: 1722–7.

Prognosis

      1 96. Papp A, Bueno H, Gierlotka M, et al. Value of Killip classification first described in 1967 for risk stratification of STEMI and NSTE-ACS in the new millen- nium. Lessons from the Euro Heart Survey ACS registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 14: E1062.

      2 97. Morrow DA, Antman EM, Chrlesworth A, et al. TIMI risk score for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: A convenient bedside, clinical score for risk assessment at presentation. Circulation 2000; 102: 2031.

ICD

      1 98. Solomon SD, Zelenkofske F, McMurray JJV, et al. Sudden death in patients with myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction, heart failure, or both. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 2581–8. Analysis from VALIANT trial; similar results reported by: Adabag AS, Therneau TM, Gersh BJ, et al. Sudden death after myocardial infarction. JAMA 2008; 300: 2022–9.

      2 99. Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, Dorian P, et al. Prophylactic use of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2481–8.

      3 100. Steinbeck G, Andresen D, Seidl K, et al. Defibrillator implantation early after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1427–36. IRIS trial.

Shock (+ SHOCK trial and CULPRIT-SHOCK trial, references 69 and 73)

      1 101. Jacobs AK, Leopold JA, Bates E, et al. Cardiogenic shock caused by right ventricular infarction: a report from the SHOCK registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 1273–9.

      2 102. Hochman JS, Buller CE, Sleeper LA, et al. Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction: etiologies, management and outcome: a report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36 (3 Suppl A): 1063–70.

      3 103. Reynolds HR, Hochman JS. Cardiogenic shock: current concepts and improving outcomes. Circulation 2008; 117: 686–97.

      4 104 Yehudai L, Reynolds HR, Schwarz SA, et al. Serial echocardiograms in patients with cardiogenic shock: analysis of the SHOCK Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47 (suppl A): 111A.

      5 105. Kohsaka S, Menon V, Lowe AM, Lange M, Dzavik V, Sleeper LA, Hochman JS. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome after acute myocardial infarc- tion complicated by cardiogenic shock. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 1643–50.

      6 106. Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, Dzavik V, Buller CE, Aylward P, Col J, White HD. Early revascularization and long-term survival in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 2006; 295: 2511–15.

      7 107. Singh M, White J, Hasdai D, Hodgson PK, Berger PB, Topol EJ, Califf RM, Holmes DR. Long-term outcome and its predictors among patients with ST- elevation myocardial infarction complicated by shock: insights from the GUSTO-I trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 1752–8.

      8 108. French JK, Feldman HA, Assmann SF, et al. Influence of thrombolytic therapy, with or without intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation, on 12-month survival in the SHOCK trial. Am Heart J 2003; 146: 804–10.

      9 109. Sanborn TA, Sleeper LA, Bates ER, et al. Impact of thrombolysis, intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation, and their combination in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction: a report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 1123–9.

      10 110. White HD, Assmann SF, Sanborn TA, at al. Comparison of percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting after acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: results from the SHOCK trial. Circulation 2005; 112: 1992–2001.

      11 111. Patel MR, Smalling RW, Thiele H, et al. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation and infarct size in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction without shock: the CRISP AMI randomized trial. JAMA. 2011; 306: 1329–1337. Trend towards lower mortality with IABP at 6 months (1.9% vs 5.2%, p = 0.12) and significant reduction in death/shock/HF. IABP was placed before PCI. A substudy showed improvement of survival in the small subgroup of patients with severe baseline ST elevation≥15 mm in total and persistent ischemia/ST elevation. Another study, PAMI II trial, showed a lack of benefit of IABP in STEMI with HF but no shock.

      12 112. Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ, et al. Intraaortic balloon support for myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1287–96.

      13 113. Dhruva SS, Ross JS, Mortazavi BJ, et al. Association of use of an intravascular microaxial left ventricular assist device vs intra-aortic balloon pump with in-hospital mortality and major bleeding among patients with acute