Atlas of Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Ghassem Ansari

1.39 Extended neck sagittal CBCT scan.Figure 1.40 Foreign body in hypopharynx. Coronal image shows a foreign body ...Figure 1.41 Selective windowing in CBCT image resembling a soft‐kernel MDCT....Figure 1.42 Sinonasal evaluation. Coronal CBCT shows slight mucosal thickeni...Figure 1.43 ENT assessments. Various 3D surface rendering CBCT reconstructio...Figure 1.44 ENT assessments in a patient with history of facial trauma. Vari...Figure 1.45 Maxillofacial evaluations in a patient with Treacher Collins syn...Figure 1.46 TMJ assessments in a patient with bilateral hypoplastic condyles...Figure 1.47 Bony TMJ ankyloses. Various 3D surface rendering CBCT images use...

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Metal artifacts appearing as radiolucent and radiopaque lines, di...Figure 2.2 Metal artifact reduction by use of a smaller field of view (FOV),...Figure 2.3 Noise reduces accuracy in displaying gray values. Axial CBCT view...Figure 2.4 3D reconstructions according to level of gray values. Adding more...Figure 2.5 Image noise is higher in facial concavities. 3D surface rendering...Figure 2.6 (a,b) Axial CBCT images show gray values in the air anterior to t...Figure 2.7 X‐ray photons are not attenuated in some projections (e.g., while...Figure 2.8 (a,b) Puffed‐cheek CBCT acquisition results in better reconstruct...Figure 2.9 (a) Conventional CBCT scan versus (b) puffed‐cheek technique. In ...Figure 2.10 Patient profile while capturing a CBCT scan. (a) Normal profile,...Figure 2.11 Cross‐sectional‐view CBCT, showing how the thickness of the peri...Figure 2.12 CBCT scan of (a) an orange and (b) an apple. When the size of th...Figure 2.13 (a) in vitro CBCT images of a ring containing a metallic compart...Figure 2.14 (a,b) 3D reconstruction and (c) axial CBCT views showing that wh...Figure 2.15 Cone beam artifact and stitch artifact. (a) Coronal and (b) sagi...Figure 2.16 End of FOV resulting in a circle‐like opacity. CBCT acquisition ...Figure 2.17 Small FOV with mal‐positioning of the patient results in higher ...Figure 2.18 Effect of thyroid shield on a CBCT scan. (a) Coronal, (b) sagitt...Figure 2.19 in vitro CBCT scan of a water specimen. (a) FOV is smaller than ...Figure 2.20 Posterior portions of an image will be more opaque than normal w...Figure 2.21 Two CBCT scans with the same kilovolt peak (kVp) and FOV, but di...Figure 2.22 Patient's head position during CBCT scan affects image quality. ...Figure 2.23 Reduction in metal artifact near posterior teeth using puffed‐ch...Figure 2.24 When FOV diameter is larger than detector size, each portion of ...Figure 2.25 Aliasing artifacts. Due to undersampling, this artifact is clear...Figure 2.26 Combination of operator faults in capturing a CBCT image. Glasse...Figure 2.27 CBCT of dried dental and osseous specimen with no peripheral sof...Figure 2.28 White streak beam hardening artifact in maxillary sinus. Reconst...Figure 2.29 White streak beam hardening artifact superimposed on a unilocula...Figure 2.30 Standard CBCT reconstruction versus reconstruction using a metal...Figure 2.31 Suspected contact of two dental implant fixtures. (a) In fact, t...Figure 2.32 Inherent noise of CBCT images, especially in soft tissue regions...Figure 2.33 Circular or ring artifact. Poor calibration and imperfections in...Figure 2.34 Smile like these teeth!

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Multiplanar reformation (MPR) in three main planes. CBCT scan wit...Figure 3.2 Mandibular anatomic landmarks. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) 3D ...Figure 3.3 Maxillary anatomic landmarks. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) 3D s...Figure 3.4 Lateral fossa. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) cross‐sectional, (c...Figure 3.5 Mental fossa. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) cross‐sectional, and...Figure 3.6 Submandibular fossa. (a) Reformatted panoramic image showing the ...Figure 3.7 Nasopalatine canal. (a) Sagittal MPR and (b) 3D surface rendering...Figure 3.8 (a–c) Three different types of normal nasopalatine canal.Figure 3.9 Gubernacular canal. CBCT images of a patient complaining of impac...Figure 3.10 Assessment of dental pulp morphology in three planes. (a) Sagitt...Figure 3.11 Dental pulp morphology. Limited‐FOV CBCT scans showing the morph...Figure 3.12 Cortical bone fenestration. (a) Axial and (b) coronal CBCT secti...Figure 3.13 Maxillary tooth root proximity to sinus floor. (a) Coronal and (...Figure 3.14 Mandibular third molar root relation to inferior alveolar nerve ...Figure 3.15 Retromolar branch of IAN. Reformatted panoramic images show the ...Figure 3.16 Retromolar branch of IAN. Various 3D CBCT reconstructions better...Figure 3.17 Limited‐FOV CBCT image of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). (a)...Figure 3.18 Anterior pneumatization of maxillary sinus. (a) Reformatted pano...Figure 3.19 Excessive left maxillary sinus pneumatization in the first molar...Figure 3.20 Large mental foramens. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and...Figure 3.21 Four mental foramens. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and ...Figure 3.22 Three mental foramens. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and...Figure 3.23 Multiple branches of IAN canal in anterior mandible. Branches ar...Figure 3.24 Multiple branches of IAN canal in posterior mandible. Note the d...Figure 3.25 IAN canal near inferior border of mandible. Reformatted panorami...Figure 3.26 Atypical branch of IAN canal opening to posterior left mandible ...Figure 3.27 Large stafne defect. (a) Reformatted cross‐sectional, (b) corona...Figure 3.28 Deep sublingual gland fossa. (a) Reformatted panoramic showing a...Figure 3.29 Severe concavity in anterior mandible resembling pseudolesion. (...Figure 3.30 Large concha bullosa. Selected coronal section through the nasal...Figure 3.31 Supreme turbinate. Selected coronal section through the nasal tu...Figure 3.32 Pneumatization of articular eminence originating from mastoid ai...Figure 3.33 Spheno‐occipital synchondrosis. Clivus is the sloping midline su...Figure 3.34 Axial CBCT image through odontoid process of C2 vertebrae shows ...

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Normal dental landmarks and periodontium: (1) bone marrow and tra...Figure 4.2 Normal anatomy of a tooth and dental decay. (a) Reformatted panor...Figure 4.3 Hypercementosis. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) cropped maximum i...Figure 4.4 Severe root dilacerations in impacted maxillary third molars. 3D ...Figure 4.5 Root dilacerations. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b) sagittal CB...Figure 4.6 Tooth abrasion. 3D surface rendering image showing multiple cervi...Figure 4.7 Tooth attrition. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b) 3D surface ren...Figure 4.8 Patient with severe chronic bruxism. Multiplanar reformation CBCT...Figure 4.9 Peg‐shaped lateral incisor. (a) 3D surface rendering, (b) reforma...Figure 4.10 Generalized microdontia. Reformatted panoramic showing generally...Figure 4.11 Macrodontia. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b) 3D surface render...Figure 4.12 Dens in dente. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) cross‐sectional, a...Figure 4.13 Dens in dente. (a) MIP, (b) 3D surface rendering, (c) cross‐sect...Figure 4.14 Enamel pearl. (a) Coronal, (b) sagittal, (c) axial, and (d) 3D s...Figure 4.15 Dense bone island causing external root resorption. (a) Cropped ...Figure 4.16 Infected mandibular right third molar with regular blunted root ...Figure 4.17 Replacement resorption and ankyloses in a patient with history o...Figure 4.18 3D surface rendering showing idiopathic root resorption on the l...Figure 4.19 Uncommon malposed impacted teeth with resorption. (a) Reformatte...Figure 4.20 Amelogenesis imperfecta. Reformatted panoramic CBCT view from (a...Figure 4.21 Distomolar. (a) Reformatted panoramic and (b) 3D surface renderi...Figure 4.22 Amelogenesis imperfecta with multiple impactions. (a) Reformatte...Figure 4.23 Cleidocranial dysplasia. Reformatted panoramic view from (a) max...Figure 4.24 Dentin dysplasia type 1. Reformatted panoramic from (a) maxilla ...Figure 4.25 Resurfacing tooth structure with ceramic laminate. (a) Axial, (b...Figure 4.26 Impacted mandibular right canine due to presence of a compound o...Figure 4.27 Transposition. (a) Axial, (b) reformatted panoramic, (c) sagitta...Figure 4.28 Mesioangular impacted third molar. (a) 3D surface rendering and ...Figure 4.29 Distoangular impacted third molar. Various 3D surface rendering ...Figure 4.30 Impaction of maxillary canine. (a) Reformatted panoramic, (b) cr...Figure 4.31 Bilateral buccally positioned maxillary canine. Various 3D surfa...Figure 4.32 Mesiodense. (a) Axial, (b) reformatted panoramic, (c) 3D surface...Figure 4.33 Types of inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) canal and third molar pro...Figure 4.34 Trace of IAN canal on impacted tooth (grooving).Figure 4.35 Types of IAN canal position relative to the root of impacted too...Figure 4.36 Types of impacted tooth contact with mandibular cortical plate....Figure 4.37 Mesioangular positioned impacted third molar. CBCT images of imp...Figure 4.38 Impacted third molar. (a,b) Reformatted panoramic, (c) cross‐sec...Figure 4.39 Impacted left mandibular canine and second premolar. (a) 3D surf...Figure 4.40 Impacted second premolar. (a) Axial, (b) 3D surface rendering, (...Figure 4.41 Impacted third molar and second premolar. (a) Reformatted 3D, (b...Figure 4.42 3D surface rendering CBCT images showing impacted right and left...Figure 4.43 Multiple supernumerary teeth. CBCT images of the four quadrants ...

      5 Chapter