Enabling Healthcare 4.0 for Pandemics. Группа авторов

useful [21].

      2.2.8 3D Scanning

      3D scanning technology is utilized for changing over the physical component to advanced CAD information. Such an innovation is powerful in figuring out procedures. In medication, this innovation is utilized to filter the human body and its part as indicated by the specific measurement. The 3D check yield is utilized for the investigation of genuine articles to gather morphology information. Next, the 3D framework would be able to be worked with gathered information. This data can be utilized for some applications. 3D scanners are additionally valuable for creating computer games and motion pictures. 3D filtering is a contactless innovation that permits chest checking for COVID-19 [22]. Also, some unique applications for such an innovation are a great instrument in detecting and evaluating COVID-19 infections, computer generated reality, movement catch, robot planning and modern structure.

      2.2.9 3D Printing Technology

      3D printing is, as of now in the clinical area, to create custom parts from the import of CAD records. This could rapidly overhaul the past form of the item in short period and cash. It could structure and improve ventilation components for the vital holes. Along these lines, the need of the worldwide flexible chain is met by assembling the essential prudent components. 3D printing innovation could be applied to restrict the COVID-19 ailment transmission [23]. A face cover made with this innovation is as of now being developed. Such a face cover could test enormous quantities of individuals in 30 min for COVID-19. The utilization of careful covers and N95 respirators isn’t appropriate for the earth and might be destructive to the environment. Then again, it is asserted that the new Nano Hack 3D printed veil is reusable via recycling [24].

      2.2.10 Biosensors

      Biosensors are utilized to change over the organic sign into an electrical sign. A portion of the fundamental sorts of biosensors are visual, warm, electrochemical, and piezoelectric biosensors. They are used in a wide scope of regions, for example, clinical science, the food business, the sea part, and so on. They are steady and touchy. On account of organic wars, biosensors can be utilized to help the military. This fresh out of the plastic new biosensor innovation, which is viably utilized as a remote gadget in a multi-quiet clinic condition, at the hour of the COVID-19 pandemic, biosensors can give gadgets that can be anything but difficult to utilize, touchy, efficient and high exactness. The glucose screen is an ideal case of the biosensor utilized in clinical examination and finding of sicknesses. A solitary utilize remote biosensor fix 1AX is a work in progress. This biosensor fix can be utilized for early location and checking of COVD-19 indications like continuous account of temperature, ECG waveform, respiratory rate, and so on [25].

2.3 Real World Applications of HCS 4.0 for COVID-19

      In the first days of the WHO declaration about the pandemic of COVID-19, the Center for international governance innovation focused on 5 potential directions. These were tracking infected individuals and contacts, the potential of testing and response, early warning and monitoring compliance of quarantine, and social distancing, the treatment of patients [26]. In response to the query, in different countries of the world were massively running the development and implementation of new projects designed to help address these priorities. Despite the fact that in response to COVID-19 appears an extraordinary range of proposals and ideas based on modern digital information technologies, group projects focused on biomedical and social control have their own specifics and are under special control. So, moving along these lines, we follow what has already been achieved and what opportunities await us in the field of innovative electronic technologies to help in solving these global issues.

So, the first challenge is the tracking of infected individuals and their contacts. Since the coronavirus, COVID-19, can be transmitted from infected people to those who are close to them, health authorities called contact tracing, one of the most effective ways of containing the pandemic. The most popular product is the app to track the location of people in quarantine. One of the first developers of such innovations was China with its mobile application Yi Kuang, The Star, platforms Quant Urban, and We Chat, for them: Israel—Vocalis Health; UK—Covid Symptom Tracker; Singapore—Trace Together; South Korea—a special system based on GPS; Poland—Home quarantine. Germany is already in the beginning advanced in their development so far that it has even hooked up to the tracking of application data on the results of laboratory tests on COVID-19 [27]. France in April 2020 had successfully tested an app to track infected people. The project involved companies such as ANSSI, Capgemini, Dassault Systèmes, and others, as well as the public sector [28].

      There are numerous examples of the use of certain kinds of trackers, which has generated a number of comments from organizations in the struggle for human rights. In particular, there were malicious products, such as the mobile application CovidLock, promising to provide users with information about the state of coronavirus infection in the world, the program blocked the phone and demanded a fee for maintaining confidential information. Therefore, the world’ leading health services, universities and non-profit organizations around the world have set out to develop technology for voluntary contact tracking with the possibility of maximizing the confidentiality of users.

      For the coordinated operation of applications and the creation of a joint system which will help track the spread of the coronavirus COVID-19, between operating systems Android and iOS, Google and Apple firstly developed the application programming interface (API), and then another, more modern platform which gives an opportunity to interact with a “wider ecosystem of applications and services health”; on the basis of Bluetooth technology. These technologies allow devices that use the operating systems iOS and Android to let clients take over their personal data with owned devices.

The possibilities of these technologies, one of the first in Europe began to use the Swiss citizens where the country released the app SwissCovid. This app should help to contain the spread of coronavirus emerging from quarantine. Only after the country’s Parliament approved legislation that regulates the use of this program and data protection, did the app became available on App Store and Google Play for all residents. As noted by the head of the digital transformation of the Federal office of public health, such an app highly protect data and privacy, due to the decentralized information storage and has blocked geolocation. The approach uses encryption Bluetooth technique to connect two smartphones at a distance of not less than 1.5 m from each other during minimally 15 min, keeping both privacy and minimal power. Under these conditions, the smartphone users who install the app will share the anonymous signals “Ephemeral ID-s”. On a centralized server, information will be transmitted only in the case where the user has tested positive for the COVID-19 and reported to the system—but also in anonymous form. The app will save the data on the smartphone of the user for maximum of a 14 day-period, during which the usual symptoms of coronavirus appear in a case of infection. Therefore, this new technology, in essence, from the beginning of its use, guarantees privacy for its user. Nothing like this has happened before. According to Carmella Troncoso, head of the laboratory of engineering of security and privacy at EPFL, who leads the project for decentralized tracking to ensure your privacy (DP-3T), such system is a critical change in the development of mass technologies. Soon Apple and Google want to implement this function directly into their operating systems [29, 30].

      Quick was the reaction of the industry and developers in countries with a high level of robotics. They began to use robots effectively, reprogramming them to produce the tools needed to counter the pandemic: from the manufacture of personal protective equipment (PPE), ventilators, and the development of robots for automated testing. Thus, each technologically advanced country has shown a high ability to respond quickly to COVID-19 and launched in the relevant production. To speed up the testing process and respond to their result and to protect laboratory workers, the company Bright Machines has developed a robot to handle test samples of COVID-19 with the least human intervening. Process automation laboratory testing allows testing without interruption, which greatly increases the daily volume of tests [31].

      About 600 American manufacturers were united in