Прочая образовательная литература
Различные книги в жанре Прочая образовательная литератураReactive Distillation
In a reactive distillation column, both the chemical conversion and the distillative separation of the product mixture are carried out simultaneously. Through this integrative strategy, chemical equilibrium limitations can be overcome, higher selectivities can be achieved and heat of reaction can be directly used for distillation. Increased process efficiency and reduction of investments and operational costs are the direct results of this approach. Highly renowned international experts from both industry and academia review the state-of-the-art and the future directions in application, design, analysis and control of Reactive Distillation processes. Part I surveys various industrial applications and covers both established large scale processes as well as new chemical reaction schemes with high future potential. Part II provides the vital details for analysis of reactive phase equilibria, and discusses the importance of chemical reaction kinetics, while Part III focuses on identifying feasible column configurations and designing their internal structure. Analysis and control of the complex dynamic and steady-state behavior of reactive distillation processes are described in Part IV. Reactive Distillation – a very promising alternative to conventional reaction-distillation flow schemes.
Industrial Dyes
What would life be like without color? Ever since one can think back, color has always accompanied mankind. Dyes – originally obtained exclusively from natural sources – are today also produced synthetically on a large scale and represent one of the very mature and traditional sectors of the chemical industry. The present reference work on Industrial Dyes provides a comprehensive review of the chemistry, properties and applications of the most important groups of industrial dyes, including optical brighteners. It also outlines the latest developments in the area of functional dyes. Renowned experts in their respective fields have contributed to the chapters on chemical chromophores, synthesis and application of the various dye classes, textile dyeing and non-textile dyeing. The book is aimed at all professionals who are involved in the synthesis, production, manufacture or application of dyes and will prove to be an indispensable guide to all chemists, engineers and technicians in dye science and industry.
Nonwoven Fabrics
From the utilization of textile waste to the high-tech product – this is how modern nonwovens can best described. Web formation and web bonding processes have recently being enhanced. Nowadays, fibres, granulates, binder and finishing agents are used. This development entails a wider range of applications in the fields of hygiene, medicine, the garment-producing and building industries, interior design as well as further technical uses. This book provides comprehensive information about nonwovens, from the raw material fibres via the manufacturing processes to finishing and to the ready-made product. Nonwoven characteristics and the fields of application are discussed in detail as well as the processes available to test the raw materials, the intermediate and the final products. This book will be the standard reference on nonwovens in the years to come!
Chemical Metallurgy
Chemical metallurgy is a well founded and fascinating branch of the wide field of metallurgy. This book provides detailed information on both the first steps of separation of desirable minerals and the subsequent mineral processing operations. The complex chemical processes of extracting various elements through hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical or electrometallurgical operations are explained. In the choice of material for this work, the author made good use of the synergy of scientific principles and industrial practices, offering the much needed and hitherto unavailable combination of detailed treatises on both compiled in one book.
Drug Bioavailability
The peroral application (swallowing) of a medicine means that the body must first resorb the active substance before it can begin to take effect. The efficacy of drug uptake depends on the one hand on the chemical characteristics of the active substance, above all on its solubility and membrane permeability. On the other hand, it is determined by the organism's ability to absorb pharmaceuticals by way of specific transport proteins or to excrete them. Since many pharmacologically active substances are poorly suited for oral intake, a decisive criterion for the efficacy of a medicine is its so-called bioavailability. Written by an international team from academia and the pharmaceutical industry, this book covers all aspects of the oral bioavailability of medicines. The focus is placed on methods for determining the parameters relevant to bioavailability. These range from modern physicochemical techniques via biological studies in vitro and in vivo right up to computer-aided predictions. The authors specifically address possibilities for optimizing bioavailability during the early screening stage for the active substance. Its clear structure and comprehensive coverage make this book equally suitable for researchers and lecturers in industry and teaching.
Multiproduct Plants
In the chemical industry, just in time delivery and ever more efficient processes are prime requisites for competitiveness. High end products require a wide product diversity resulting in lower quantities of each single product. The answer to the problem are multiproduct plants designed to meet changing requirements. Already at design stage, different potential requirements are taken into consideration allowing technical equipment to be installed according to the desired product. Reconfiguration can be achieved quickly through exchange of readily available components without costly refitting ot the entire plant. This is the first comprehensive source of information on this modern topic, treating the different concepts known for multiproduct plants, their technical realization, possible uses for the production of chemicals, the choice of the construction materials, as well as safety considerations.
Energetic Materials
Incorporation of particular components with specialized properties allows one to tailor the end product's properties. For instance, the sensitivity, burning behavior, thermal or mechanical properties or stability of energetic materials can be affected and even controllably varied through incorporation of such ingredients. This book examines particle technologies as applied to energetic materials such as propellants and explosives, thus filling a void in the literature on this subject. Following an introduction covering general features of energetic materials, the first section of this book describes methods of manufacturing particulate energetic materials, including size reduction, crystallization, atomization, particle formation using supercritical fluids and microencapsulation, agglomeration phenomena, special considerations in mixing explosive particles and the production of nanoparticles. The second section discusses the characterization of particulate materials. Techniques and methods such as particle size analysis, morphology elucidation and the determination of chemical and thermal properties are presented. The wettability of powders and rheological behavior of suspensions and solids are also considered. Furthermore, methods of determining the performance of particular energetic materials are described. Each chapter deals with fundamentals and application possibilities of the various methods presented, with particular emphasis on issues applicable to particulate energetic materials. The book is thus equally relevant for chemists, physicists, material scientists, chemical and mechanical engineers and anyone interested or engaged in particle processing and characterization technologies.
Applied Surfactants
While currently available titles either focus on the basics or on very specific subtopics, this text meets the need for a comprehensive survey of surfactants and their properties, with a strong emphasis on applications and their correlation to the fundamentals. The author covers their classification, physical properties, phase behavior, adsorption, effects – such as wetting, spreading and adhesion – as well as industrial applications in personal care and cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and food products. Professor Tadros is a well-known expert on the topic of surfactants, with much experience in colloid science. Here, he uses his industrial experience to close the gap between fundamentals of surfactants and their relevance and applications in practice.
Practical Biotransformations
The development of new asymmetric catalytic methods is of fundamental importance to industrial synthetic chemistry. The demand for optically pure synthetic intermediates and the drive to adopt greener methods of synthesis have stimulated a growing interest in biocatalysis as a selective and environmentally benign synthetic technique. Practical Biotransformations: A Beginner's Guide provides an introduction to microbes and enzymes and demonstrates their practical applications in synthetic organic chemistry. Designed as a laboratory manual, this user-friendly guide discusses standard laboratory techniques, with appropriate advice on aspects of microbial practice and associated safety. Topics covered include: An introduction to equipment in a biotransformations laboratory An overview of biocatalyst sources Maintenance and growth of biocatalysts Example biotransformations using commercially available microbes and enzymes Basic gene cloning and the use of ‘designer’ biocatalysts This book will be a valuable resource for synthetic organic chemists with little or no experience of biochemistry or microbiology. It is the author’s hope that this text will inspire readers to consider biocatalytic methods as real alternatives to traditional synthetic solutions.
Organofluorine Chemistry
The replacement of hydrogen with fluorine in organic molecules can profoundly influence their chemical and physical properties, leading to a range of compounds with highly desirable properties. These molecules are of interest across the wide spectrum of industrial and academic organic chemistry, so that organofluorine chemistry is economically highly important. Organofluorine Chemistry will help chemists to develop a systematic knowledge of the chemistry of fluorine with a view towards its application in the design of new reactions and syntheses, and the creation of novel fluorinated molecules and materials. With initial chapters focusing on why fluorine creates such unique properties in organic compounds, the book then covers general reactions of fluorine. Coverage is chosen from the recent research literature, concentrating on the development of novel bioactive compounds and catalytic ligands, and explaining, in the context of the initial chapters, how and why fluorine is so effective. With a final chapter covering the general synthetic chemistry of organofluorine compounds, the book is a cohesive summary of the fundamental principals of organofluorine chemistry.