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4 Selenium Toxicity in Domestic Animals: Sources, Toxicopathology, and Control Measure

       Arup Giri, Puneet Ranjan, and Vijay K. Bharti

       DRDO‐Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Leh, Ladakh, India

4.1 Introduction

      Selenium (Se), a semi‐metal or metalloid was discovered by Swedish chemist Berzelius in 1818 during the production of sulfuric acid. It was named after the Greek moon goddess, Selene. Se is a semi‐metal as it is present together with oxygen and sulfur and has similar chemical characteristics to S (Lenz and Lens 2009). The atomic number of Se is 34. It produces rotting horseradish odor during heating. In fact, it is not present in nature in its pure form. It is found in water in the form of selenites and selenates. This is a trace element because it constitutes just 0.00008% of the Earth's crust (Bennett 1983; Bednarek and Bik 1994).

      Selenium (Se) is being an essential micronutrient (Lu and Holmgren 2009) required for livestock animals for better cardiac and skeletal muscle growth, fertility, immune status, anticarcinogenic, antiviral, anti‐inflammatory, chemopreventive, antiparasitic, etc. (Leibovitz et al. 1990; Rayman 2000; Guisbiers et al. 2016; Peng et al. 2016; Stolzoff and Webster 2016; El‐Ghazaly et al. 2017; Guisbiers et al. 2017; Maiyo and Singh 2017). It has now become toxic due to poisoning, selenium injection, fodders grown on selenium‐toxic land, and indiscriminate minerals supplementation feeding. As early